3 More Answers to Questions About Capitalization

3 More Answers to Questions About Capitalization 3 More Answers to Questions About Capitalization 3 More Answers to Questions About Capitalization By Mark Nichol Whether to capitalize words is one of the most frequent issues that come up in the queries of DailyWritingTips email subscribers and site visitors. Here are three such questions and my responses. 1. When do I capitalize the word customer in a sentence? For example, is it correct to write, â€Å"This is very important, because there could be other ways to satisfy the Customer that you may not be aware of†? Customers are important, but references to them do not merit capitalization. Customer(s) is generic, just like men, women, people, and the like. This kind of gratuitous capitalization is common in business writing I suppose it’s meant to convey the value of the person or product so treated but it’s an awkward solution. Why not communicate that sentiment naturally in the message rather than by artificial visual emphasis? Before capitalizing a word, writers should ask themselves, â€Å"Why should this word be capitalized?† 2. When referring to steps within a process, do I capitalize steps? For example, should I write, â€Å"After completing Step 1, go to Step 6†? The Chicago Manual of Style recommends lowercasing references to parts of books, even when they’re numbered: â€Å"part 1,† â€Å"chapter 2,† â€Å"section 3,† and so on, and though it doesn’t refer to steps, I would follow that rule for elements of a procedure. (However, The Associated Press Stylebook recommends capitalization for numbered parts of books.) 3. Should names of dog breeds be capitalized for example, pomeranian, labrador, â€Å"bull terrier,† â€Å"American pit bull terrier†? Dog breeds are not capitalized unless the name is that of a geographic region: Pomeranian, â€Å"Labrador retriever,† â€Å"bull terrier†, â€Å"American pit bull terrier.† (Dalmatian is an exception; its usually lowercase, but I would probably uppercase it when it appears with similar names normally capitalized.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Disappointed + Preposition48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

Unnecessary commas - Emphasis

Unnecessary commas Unnecessary commas Write Away reader Bill Friar got in touch to air one of his professional writing bugbears: I would dearly love to see an item on the creeping trend of putting commas between peoples names and their titles or descriptive terms. For example: Prime Minister, David Cameron, spoke outside Downing Street. or action star, Tom Cruise, went on a rampage I dont remember seeing this kind of thing very often even five years ago. Now its everywhere. The madness must stop. Thanks, Bill. You make an excellent point those double commas hugging Tom Cruise and David Cameron shouldnt be there. But why is this punctuation wrong? Appositives Its wrong because Tom and David, in the above examples, are restrictive appositives. Say what? An appositive is a word, phrase or clause that renames, explains or identifies another noun in the same sentence. They can be restrictive or nonrestrictive. For example: Emphasis Training, the business-writing trainers, are based in Brighton. Youll notice that the appositive above is tucked away between commas. This is because the business-writing trainers is a nonrestrictive appositive: if you remove it from the sentence youd still know who the subject (Emphasis) is, and it would still make sense. However, some appositives are restrictive they cant be left out of the sentence without changing the meaning or leaving people confused. Restrictive appositives should not have commas round them. In Bills examples, the names cant be removed because it would leave the sentences incomplete, as they dont start with a determiner (eg the, a, our etc): Prime Minister spoke outside Downing Street Action star went on a rampage And even if they did, we might still need more information to properly identify the subjects in question, and not leave the reader guessing. For all we know, Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina was speaking outside Downing Street about Bruce Williss recent rampage. Now thats how rumours get started.

Safeguarding Babies and Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Safeguarding Babies and Children - Essay Example Despite the provisions by Children Protection Act, many abuses, many of which lead to death keep occurring since those with the responsibility of protecting the children as stipulated in the act are not aware that such abuses occur of are ignorant. Some child-abuse cases go unnoticed due to poor policies that guide children department. Investigative reports indicate that many children suffer abuse in their families, some child abuse cases are not recorded in social workers dairies (Corby, 2011:73). The confidence to intervene whenever a child is at risk has reduced over the past decades because there is no clear understanding on the statutory role in child protection (Kay, 2003: 42). Generally, child protection is an aspect attracting many stakeholders in the social field as well as professionals in the medicine field. For instance, children with complications attract the interest of medical practitioners who prefer the right treatment to their complexities. This report investigates the existing child protection policies and their failure to provide protection to child abuse. This paper investigates the death of Baby P, the impact of child abuse to the society, and gives recommendations on how to handle issues related to children in the society. Baby P suffered under close care of his mother and social workers (Channel 4 News). In a period of about 17 months, the child had registered about 50 injuries. The baby visited the relevant authorities about sixty times, yet the authorities did not in the slightest change the condition and ultimately Baby P died. This information is quite fascinating since it raises many questions about the existing policies that aim at protecting children. In addition, it also raises questions on the role played by the authority concerned with issues related to children. At his death, it was evident that some negligence or poor policy structures took place. The public has drawn criticism to the social department, which failed to protec t the boy. A social worker who reported the first case of abuse noted that Baby P had bruises and injuries that might have occurred due to abuse by the parents. From the Daily chronicle of Baby P's pain revealed, the first report came on 13 October 2006 when the baby was only seven months old. Information given by the parent argued that the injuries that baby P registered occurred due to accidental fall on stairs. Dr Jerome Ikwueke of GP examined him. The second case in which Baby P registered harm was in 11 December 2006 when specialists from Whittington Hospital found bruises on Baby P forehead, sternum, and right shoulder, and on his nose (Metro). Child abuse investigation team took up the case and Baby P remained hospitalized until December 15, 2006 before his discharge. A family friend Angela Godfrey took care of the Baby. The intention of Angela was to provide protection to the baby following the accusation of the baby’s mother together with the grandmother. The police investigated the case of the baby and arrested the mother of the baby on 19 December 2006. Her conviction at Old Bailey was allowing death or causing death of the baby. In a bid to find adequate information regarding the abuse, the police interviewed the grandmother of the boy at Hornsey Police Station. Baby P made three visits to hospital from 21 December 2006 to January 17, 2007. The intention of these visits was to X ray his leg. During these visits, Agnes White who is a social

The Palestine-Israel Conflict and the United States Essay - 2

The Palestine-Israel Conflict and the United States - Essay Example History identifies land ownership and religion as the main problems in the conflict. The two societies believe that the subject land is their ancestral land and that they have a right over its ownership. Religious differences could also play a secondary role in facilitating the conflict through undermining resolution initiatives (Whitbeck 1; Khalidi 4-5). The conflict has been a serious one and its gravity can be identified from its effects and failure to find a solution over the long time of the conflict’s existence. Even efforts by international institutions such as the United Nations has failed to resolve the problem and this means that involved parties have intensive interest that they are not willing to compromise (Whitbeck 1). The conflict has manifested in diversified scopes that include large number of Arab refugees (Childers 1) and the level of oppression that Palestine citizens experience under Israeli forces (Carter 1). The scope of the problem that establishes land ownership in the conflict indicates the cause of the conflict. The urge to posses land for a Jewish nation led to immigration into the location that was occupied by the Palestine. The Zionist movement then led to violence that forced Palestine from their homes. Even though different explanations are offered for the Palestine emigration, all the versions point to the violent move by the Zionists. Some Palestine moved out of their homes because of the Zionist violence while others moved because of a directive from their Arab leaders who presumably planned a war in the region. In either case, the relocation of the Palestine from their land and the perception among Israelis that the remaining Palestine citizens should leave the area remains the cause of the continuous conflict. Related to interest in the land and the relocation of Palestine citizens is the United Nation’s recommendation of land allocation between the Zionists and the Palestine.

The Muslim Arts Essay Example for Free

The Muslim Arts Essay Introduction Assalam-al-aluikum, through out this booklet Im going to describe about how Islam, one of todays leading religions, started off. I am also going to show you some of the worlds most beautiful calligraphy, most well decorated mosques and the most famous historic Islamic landmarks. I will also be explaining a few basic principles and the meanings of some of the holy words in the Quran. The Holy Prophet The prophet Muhammad was born in 571CE. He was born into one of the most rich and powerful Quraish tribes. He never saw his father and his mother died when he was six years old. He then lived with his grandfather, until he was eight years old. When he died he moved to live with his Uncle Abu Talib, who cared and protected him. Muhammad soon began to look after his uncles sheep and helped in expanding his uncles profits and trade. He became respected by many merchants, by doing many things e.g. He had an honest trade and never over charged any man and if anybody overpaid him he would travel all the way back to the man no matter where he is or how far away, to give him back his money, sheep etc. This is one of the many stories about him, the prophet sold some camels to man. After the man had left, the prophet remembered that one of the camels had 1 lame leg so at once Muhammad galloped after the man so he could give the man back the price of the camel, (it took the prophet 1-week to catch that man up). Such acts like this had been unheard of and soon a Rich widow in Mecca called Khadija who was known for her independance and nobleness heard about Muhammads honesty asked him to work for her in her large business. Muhammad accepted the offer and did trading trips for her by going to Syria with another slave called Maisarah. Maisarah spoke about Muhammad to her master very highly. Khadija completely won over by Muhammads honesty and manners asked him to marry her. Muhammad after talking to his close relatives agreed. Khadija was forty years old at the time and Muhammad was only twenty-five. As time wore on Muhammad became less and less involved with the business and spent more time thinking about all the problems of the world and in helping the poor people of Mecca. Muhammad used money as a means to free slaves. He had 7 children, 4 daughters 3 sons, all his sons died in infancy. Muhammad often went to mount Hira, where he spent a very long time thinking about different matters. One day after staying in the mountain for a very long time (610A.D) the angel Jibril appeared to him and brought the first message of Allah, that there is only 1 God and Muhammad is his prophet. The appearance of the angel was a strange thing that had never happened to him before, so he ran home and first told Khadija. Islam was a message to save mankind from suffering and illness. It was to teach kindness and to lead men to live good and clean lives and to test who can withstand all the worlds evil temptations. It also teaches you self-discipline, because youre the only one who can stop yourself from doing bad things. Famous Historic Landmarks In Islam there are many very magnificent old architural Mosques and buildings. Most of them have some of the most exquisite patterns and symbolic calligraphy along the inside and outside of the walls. Most of them were built where they are because something special happened there as you can see in the following. The Dome of The Rock The Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem and it is called the most beautiful building in Jerusalem, the Dome of the Rock is the holiest Muslim shrine in the city. I have been inside it once and Muslims believe that gold-domed building was built over the rock from which Muhammad rose to heaven. Jews also believe it is the place Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac. Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal, designed as a tomb for the wife of a 17th-century Mughal emperor, was constructed by about 20,000 workers from 1631 to 1648 in Agra, a city in northern India. The massive domed structure was constructed using Islamic style, using white marble and inlaid gems. At each corner is a minaret (prayer tower), and passages from the Quran, the Muslim holy book, cover the outside walls. The bodies of the emperor and his wife remain in a room below the building. Mecca The al-Haram Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, holds the holiest shrine of Islam, the Kaaba. As the birthplace of Islams founder, the prophet Muhammad, Mecca is considered a holy city. It is a pilgrimage point for Muslims worldwide, who are expected to visit the city at least once if they are able to do so. The Kaaba Pilgrimage to the Kaaba Muslims consider the Kaaba a small sanctuary near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca to be the most sacred place on earth. Muslim legend teaches that the ancient religious patriarchs Abraham and Ishmael built the shrine using foundations first laid by Adam. Muslims all over the world face towards the Kaaba while praying, and every able Muslim is expected to make a pilgrimage to the Kaaba at least once in his or her lifetime. This picture shows pilgrimage ceremonies, which consist of several days of rituals and festivals during the Islamic month of pilgrimages, Dhu al-Hijja. ISLAMIC CALLIGRAPHY ART Delicate glassware decorated in enamels was produced over many centuries in the Islamic world. This early 14th-century mosque lamp is covered with three inscriptions from the Koran delineated in Kufic script. When the lamp was lit, the flame within accentuated the elegant calligraphy. Miniature painting, in the form of illustrations to secular texts, was one of the few art forms in which the Islamic faith permitted the depiction of living things. This miniature by Aqa Mirak, a court painter to Tahmasp (1524-1576) illustrates a story; a fight seems to have occurred, and the loser is on his back. In the background a gardener works industriously. Mosaic Decoration Because the representation of living things were forbidden in Islamic religion, abstract patterns, usually depicted in mosaic, were used, and these reached great heights of refinement in Islamic architectural decoration. This intricate geometric scheme, used in conjunction with quotations from the Koran in the elegant Kufic script, decorates the interior of a madrasah in Eà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fahà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, Iran. Central Dome, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul The central dome of Hagia Sophia is decorated with intricate geometric patterns created by means of small pieces of gilded glass and marble of different colours. Roundels enclosing gold calligraphic script fill the pendentives. Such abstract patterns, used with quotations from the Koran executed in the elegant Kufic script, are typical of Islamic decorative schemes. ISLAMIC PAINTINGS Laila and Majnun at School Bizhad, one of the great Persian miniature painters, gave new impetus to the Oriental tradition of miniature painting.Laila and Majnun at School (1494) shows his skilful use of pattern and colour, and his graceful, calligraphic line. The flat, layered perspective shows the influence of Chinese landscapes. The juxtaposition of scenes taking place indoors and outdoors is particularly notable. Persian Manuscript A range of texts, from the Koran to scientific and literary works, and books of tales and fables, were illuminated in Islamic Persia. This page, from a Persian manuscript dating from the 13th century, consists of text and an accompanying illustration showing a group of men on horseback. Bibliography 1. Encarta Encyclopaedia 2002 2. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2001 3. Heroes of Islam Prophet Muhammed 4. Focus on Islam 5. www.islamicart.com 6. Skills in Religious Studies 2

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Adams E,et al., (2003). Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. Journal of Nutrition. Arimond, M. and Ruel, M.T., (2004). Dietary diversity is associated with child nutritional status: Evidence from 11 demographic and health surveys. Washington. International Food Policy Research Institute. Cook J., (2002). Clinical implications of household food security: definitions, monitoring, andpolicy. Nutritional Clinic Care. 2002. Brown, L, R., (2004). World food security deteriorating: Food crunch in 2005 now likely. Earth Policy Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Deb, K., Nageswara Rao, Y. Mohan Rao and Slater R., (2002). Diversification and Livelihood Options: A Study of Two Villages in Andhra Pradesh, India. Debebe Habtewold, (1995). Food Security: A Brief Review of Concepts and Indicators. Food Security, Nutrition and Poverty Alleviation in Ethiopia: Problems and Prospects. Proceedings of the Inaugural and First Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society of Ethiopia, DFID, (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. London. UK: Department for International Development (DFID). Ellis, F., (2000). Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press. FAO, (1996). Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action. World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996, Rome. FAO, (2003). Food Security in Complex Emergencies: building policy frameworks to address longer-term programming challenges. Tivoli, 23-25 September 2003 FAO, (2008). The state of food insecurity in the world 2008. Rome 2008 FAO, (2009). Global agriculture towards 2050. Rome 12-13 October 2009 FAO, (2010). The State of Food Insecurity in the world: Addressin... ...isconsin, Madison. Wiesmann, Doris, Bassett L, Benson T. and Hoddinott J. (2009), Validation of the World Food Program’s Food Consumption Score and Alternative Indicators of Household Food Security, International Food Policy Research Institute Discussion. Paper 870, Washington DC. Wooldridge, J. M., (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press World Bank, (1986).Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. A World Bank Policy Study. Washington, D.C. World Bank, (2006)a. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. World Bank, Washington, DC. Young H, Jaspars S, Brown R, Frize J, and Khogali H., (2001). Food security assessments inemergencies: Livelihood approaches. Humanitarian. Network Project (HPN), Overseas Development Institute, London.

Marriage and family class Essay

There are many different factors of communication in relationships. One of the most often asked questions about communication is how one achieves mutual communication in any type of a relationship. People sometimes feel that communication makes a better marriage. Many people often wonder how to reconnect with their partner after communication has stopped. Body language or non verbal communication plays a major role in communication. These are some the topics that will be discussed in this research paper. Mutual communication is achieved when both partners in a relationship can effectively listen and communicate their feelings with one another. Some say that this is the basis for a healthy long lasting relationship. There are many skills a good listener has to have. Some of which are easier to express than others are. The most important of which is expressing empathy (De Jong). In mutual communication both partners should make eye contact with one another. Usually when one makes eye contact it shows that they are paying attention to what the other person is saying to them at the time. When mutually communicating neither partner should send destructive messages. Destructive messages include but are not limited to ordering, threatening, lecturing, and ridiculing (Lauer). Destructive messages lead to conflict and not resolution. When one person sends a destructive message to the listener the listener more than likely will get discouraged and that will make the situation worse. Ordering and threatening lead to more of a power struggle rather than to effective communication. There are many  different styles of a poor listener. There are people who fake the fact that they are listening when their mind is in another place. For example John is making it seem like he is listening to his wife Julie when in fact he is thinking about his golf game the next day. There are people who interrupt. Interrupting decreases mutual communication. There are also people who can intellectually listen and carry on a conversation. An example of an intellectual listener is Jessica. Jessica has just told her friend Jake about her new teacher at her college. She tells Jake what he taught and the manner in which he taught it. Jessica is clearly giving Jake non verbal cues that should lead him to believe that she has a romantic interest in the new teacher. Jake does not pick up on the cues but criticizes the style that the teacher uses to teach his classes. Some people say that communication makes a better marriage. Everyday conversations increase satisfaction by offering a broad range of topics to be discussed. Usually in a marriage, when everyday conversation increases happiness, and the partners often laugh more together. Everyday conversation also allows the couple to talk about their interests and the happenings of their day in a relaxed and calm setting. When you have good communication in a marriage, conflicts are often calmly discussed. People in a marriage are self disclosed. Self disclosure is defined as the honest revealing of ones self to another. Self disclosure increases intimacy and marital satisfaction (Lahey). Partners who are in a married situation often feel the need to communicate their feelings and ideas to keep their marriage open, happy, and healthy. The main reason for breakup of marriages is a lack of communication (Stark). The cause for the lack of communication most often is that people do not know how to properly communicate with one another especially in a conflict situation where they do not agree on a point. Sometimes it takes someone from a neutral point of view to point this fact out to couples, who are having problems in the relationship. Most often the couple will not realize that they have a problem unless an outside source points it out to them. This could help them or create more conflict with in the relationship. If there is a problem, and there is no communication between the two partners in the relationship the problem will  grow. However, if there is good communication the problem has potential to be resolved and to possibly never reoccur (De Jong). It is also important, to effectively communicate, to maintain the boundaries. Maintaining boundaries is the separation of home life from work life. If you bring your work life into your home life discussions, it is more than likely that you will get distracted from the topic at hand (Stark). Some people bring their work life home it creates jealousy. Jealousy is also a leading cause of breakups in a relationship (Laurer). When people effectively communicate in a married relationship, exchange and role equity are heightened. Exchange equity, for example is the female being the primary bread winner and the male staying home. Role equity, is sharing the chores of the house as well as the duties of the head of the house. Partners in a married relationship may have different opinions about role and exchange equity. Some people feel that the female should stay home and be a traditional house wife. For example the woman would do the dishes, laundry, and take care of the children. Some people feel that both the male and female should be able to go to work and have a career. Effective communication in a marriage about these kinds of feelings can solve many future problems in a rational and timely manner (Lauer). Therefore, if there is ample problem solving and good communication, in a marriage it will generally be a healthier, happier, more satisfying marriage. Body language or non-verbal communication is said to be used between 50-80 percent in a relationship. Women use non-verbal cues or body language more often than males do. Non verbal cues froe example are the position in which a person is sitting, the expression on ones face, or the amount of eye contact that they are making. If you have an open posture, and are leaning in towards the speaker, you are giving off good body language. If you are sitting with your arms crossed, and a closed posture then you are giving off bad body language. Women also tend to read into body language and the meanings behind it more than men (Lauer). Women tend to read body language on a more emotional level than men do. For example women tend to see when someone has a romantic interest in another where as men do not see that. Partners, generally speaking, in a good relationship should be able to read  the other partners body language and know what they want to say without them always having to verbalize their thoughts. Body language can tell your partner what you are thinking without actually having to say it. I decided on this particular topic for a few reasons. The first of which is that I have seen a lot of friends and family who have been in relationships that did not last and wanted to figure out why that was. The second reason was because I thought it could help me in my future relationship(s), and to help me from making the same mistakes that I have in the past or that others have made. Another reason that I chose this topic is because I am also interested in being a counselor and counselors need to be able to have good communication with their clients. Another reason is because counselors need to be able to understand, in some sense, where their clients are coming from and to be able to help in any way possible. One good analogy that I found one day while surfing the internet was this: â€Å"If you were to be in thorough and complete communication with a car and a road, you would certainly have no difficulty driving that car. But if you are in only partial communication with the car and in no communication with the road, it is fairly certain that an accident will occur.† This was said by Ronald Hubbard who is an expert in the field of scientology. He deals mainly with the realm of communication. That quote really inspired me to look into the realm of communication further. I wanted to know what effects that it had on a relationship and / or a marriage. Just an ending piece of advice: The best problem solving agent is honest open and effective problem solving. Works Cited DeJong, Peter. Interviewing for Solutions, 2nd Edition. California: Wadsworth Group, 2002. Hubbard, Ronald. www.standardtraining.com Church of Scientology International: 2000-2002. Lahey, Benjamin B., Psychology: an introduction, 7th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001. Laurer, Robert H. and Lauer, Jeanette C., Marriage and Family, 4th Edition. Chicago: Brown & Benchmark, 2000. Stark, Rodney. Sociology, 8th Edition. Wadsworth Group, 2001.