America's Infrastructure Failing Research Paper

America's Infrastructure Failing - Research Paper Example It is both an actual and metaphorical foundation of society. This has been an issue needing a solution for at least 25 years. An effort was made in the 1990’s but fell short of what was necessary even then. Today the situation is dire according to a study recently completed by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Though a slow economy is often blamed for not having the ability to fund massive projects nationwide, it is that very funding which would immediately improve the economy. A faction in Congress believes strict austerity measures are the answer to the National Debt problem and that the nation cannot afford a stimulus package to supply jobs, repair infrastructure and give the economy a boost. This is the same faction that caused the government to shut down for no reason and don’t acknowledge the failed austerity experiment Europe has been experiencing. It won’t likely be this historically inept Congress that pulls the economy out its slow growth period while building for the future but maybe the public persuade them if the problem is framed correctly, a task President Obama is attempting, again. What’s the cost of an aging infrastructure as opposed to repairing and replacing it? America’s answer has been to patch it as it breaks while other countries are preparing for the future while creating jobs. Following the devastation of Hurricane Sandy along the east coast last year the electrical infrastructure was not worth salvaging. Instead of replacing it with a high tech ‘smart grid’ the same old system was rebuilt. A tragedy brought opportunity but it was an opportunity lost. The Chinese are replacing their electric lines, not because it was something they had to do, it is the smart thing to do. China’s new power lines lose seven percent of its energy after traveling1200 miles. U.S. power lines lose 80 percent over the same distance. Energy loss is expensive. A 2013 infrastructure report complied by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) predict that by 2020 business could be burdened with an additional $1.2 trillion in the cost of doing business such as problems associated with water main breaks, electric blackouts and shoddy roads which slows traffic and causes vehicle damage. â€Å"If we look at New Orleans alone,† said Assistant Legislative Director for the United Steelworkers Roxanne Brown, â€Å"it was ultimately a failure of infrastructure, the levees that devastated a commanding share of the city in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.† Many businesses will never recover. It’s a ‘pay me now or pay me later’ proposition. It’s anybody’s guess how climate change will exacerbate an already critical situation. It’s certain though that the dilapidated, antique infrastructure cannot endure through climate extremes because it’s already been falling apart for decades. The ASCE predicts the total cost to do not hing is prohibitively high, again, 1.2 trillion for businesses and $610 billion for taxpayers. (Justuan, 2013). The nation’s infrastructure report card is in, graded according to facts obtained by ASCE. America’s bridges are narrow and old, many well past their projected lifespan. About one-quarter are deemed â€Å"structurally deficient.† Bridges built during and for another time, the 1950’s and 1960’s, cause traffic congestion because the bridge too often have fewer lanes that

Company overview of Indian coffee business

Company overview of Indian coffee business This case study analyses and discusses the Indian company Cafà © Coffee Day, its Marketing Mix and entry mode to the UK. My research aims to explore the cafà © coffee days background, marketing mix, and the success strategies in India in addition to various kinds of international environmental factors and market entry mode to enter in the UK market. The questions of why and how to enter in the UK market are illustrated with different market entry modes. It is found that the UK market is ease to enter for business. I compared the companys marketing mix and UKs marketing environment. I presented some recommendation to the successful Indian organization except minimum international experience for building its charisma in the UK. This case study is illustrates a trusted and well known coffee house brand Cafà © Coffee Day, and how it is possible for this to venture into one of the largest economy in the European zone , The United Kingdom. This case study describes the various marketing mix of this organization, the marketing environment of UK and the possible entry modes. Cafà © Coffee Day in India Cafà © Coffee Day (CCD) is one of the well established company and heart throb of youths in India. The headquarter is situated in Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka its a division of Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Company Ltd. CCD opened its first cafe in the year 1996 on the socially frequented area called Brigade Road which is located in the heart of Bangalore, now it has become the biggest retail chain of cafà ©s in India, having more than 1000 cafes in 141 cities. Cafà © Coffee Day stands out as a unique brand in India and has managed to achieve the tag of Most Trusted Brand ranking itself as second in a survey for food services conducted in 2008. Nowadays CCD plans to create big global chain by 2012-2013(Cafà © Coffee Day Official website 2010). While expanding the business in India, CCDs marketing strategy is to open a cafà © near to educational institution and corporate campuses. CCD already started to explore European market; they made their present to open coffee shops in Vienna. Cafà © coffee day is having various kinds of formats depending on the target audience. Cafà © Coffee Day Trivia C:Documents and SettingsRanjeetDesktopccd_table1.JPG (Source: website CCD Coffee Day website 2010) Cafà © Coffee Day Formats: C:Documents and SettingsRanjeetDesktopccd_table2.JPG (Source: website CCD Coffee Day website 2010) United Kingdom: United Kingdom has the sixth largest economy in the world and stands tall in list of developed countries in the European Union. UK is the home of world famous education institutes and corporate houses. Central Intelligence Agencys cites that the population of UK is 62,348,447 (July 2010), and the real GDP of the country is -5% (2009 est.). The annual report of World Bank declared that United Kingdom is ranked 4 out of 183 economies for ease of doing business. While choosing the UK market Cafà © Coffee Day needs to analysis the international marketing environments (CIA world factbook 2010). International Market Environment Brassington Pettit, (2006) argues while taking the decision to pursue international development, the company has to investigate following environmental factors. Socio cultural Environment Cultural factors Language Factors The UK population speaks various languages according to the region, Although English is the national language but CCD needs to consider Scot, Scot Gaelic, Welsh, Irish and Cornish languages as well. Religion CIA world factbook categorized religions in The UK (2001 census) (Source: CIA FactBook Website) Social factors Demographic factors and lifestyle plays very important role. According to MSI various sectors of the fast food market appeal to different age groups as a result the age profile of the UK population is significant factor affecting the demand. The urbanization of UK population is 0.5% the annual rate of change from 2005-10 and in year 2010 the population growth rate is 0.563 % (CIA World factbook). Legal Environment The UK legal system has early influences of roman and modern continental practices of law; has guidelines for the Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998 which have a non binding review of judicial nature; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations (CIA World factbook) International Laws The United Kingdom comes under European countrys laws and regulations, and Indian and UK participation organization like IFC, ICC etc. Technological Environment The UK is technologically advanced than the India and having wide range of internet, telephone, and mobile network. Economic Environment The UK is a leading trading power and financial centre. In India CCD does not have any rules of minimum wages but while entering in United Kingdom, Company needs to give consideration to minimum wage rule, inflation rate, unemployment rate and household income . Political Environment Political and legal factors plays an imperative role in this industry, these factors sets the rule of competition, operational cost and wages. Following points should consider while entering in the UK. Operational restrictions Discriminatory restriction Physical actions Marketing Mix of Cafà © Coffee Day The age old marketing mix, consisting of the 4Ps i.e; 1.Product 2.Price 3. Place 4. Promotion However CCD offering infrastructure, facilities, staffs, and the process from ordering the product to delivering it. This is the reason makes us to consider People, Physical evidence and Process (Brassington Pettit, 2006, P. 1063). Products Food (Source: official website of CCD) Beverages (Source: official website of CCD) Cafà © Coffee Day is offering various ranges of products, some of them already exist in UK market. The Cafà © Coffee Day adopts a product managing hindsight to distinguish each of its unique cafe which are exhibited under an umbrella of products and those can be different as per the location. For example we can introduce Masala Chai and Kashmiri Qahwah to Indian populated area. Price While considering the price mix for UK market, CCD needs to consider various factors which can play the vital role to influence the pricing strategy. Factors: Affects on the Pricing Strategy Company and Product factors Corporate and Marketing objectives The short term tactical use of pricing such as discounts, product offers, ex. McDonalds use Big Mac with fries and Coke Firm and Product positioning Available resources Marketing and Product development Market Factors Consumers perception of the product, associated expectations and the average spending ability Identifying the objectives of the existing, their upcomingstrategies and unqiue selling point Environmental Factors Government influences and constraints Level of inflation Cafà © coffee day can apply a variety of strategies, combination of affordable prices and understand consumers need in addition to estimate the competition from the major companies like Starbucks and Costa Coffee and their strength and weakness as well. Business in the UK is governed by Government regulations and inflation plays an important role running them. It is important for CCD to analyze all the important factors which i have mentioned above to integrate and coordinate pricing policies to grow in the UK (Doole Lowe, 2008, P. 383-4). Place Strategic locations of the outlets help to attract the target market by means of which Cafà © Coffee day is sustaining its business, for ex. in India their outlets are commonly situated near to family entertainment centers, educational institutes and high street. CCD can apply the same strategy in addition to it can open the outlets in city center and near to corporate offices. Promotion Cafà © Coffee Day use promotion mix in India like ties up with youth brand Levies and association in movies except as a new company in the UK; it needs to go with more options of promotions. The customer is most likely to build his/her expectations by grasping the communication messages marketing the service a business service is likely to deliver (Brassington Pettit, 2006, P. 1069). The Promotion criteria use a variety of communication and motivation techniques with adequate emphasis on the need to generate curiosity which ultimately helps the customer purchase the new product with trust (Lilly Walters1997). Following possible channels of advertising can aid CCD to realize its existence in the market. T.V. Radio Print Advertising Internet Advertising Sales Promotion (Student Concession) People The nature of Services provided depends on the various interactions between people, including Cafà © Coffee Days staff and the regular customer. The staff plays vital role to deliver the quality service, people in CCD knows People are hired for what they know but fired for how they behave. Cafà © Coffee Day believes that staff is the real face of any company so they can stress on intensive staff training to cope with customers. Physical evidence Brassington Pettit have mentioned Physical evidence comprises the tangible elements that support the service delivery, and offer clues about the positioning of the service product or give the customer something solid to take away with them to symbolized the intangible benefit they have received(2006, P.1070). Cafà © Coffee Day is well aware about the physical evidences it can be categorized by: Brand Image, Logo: Cafà © Coffee Day logo has bright red and green color which gives it a distinct appeal. Red color represents leadership, vitality and the zest for drinking coffee, whereas the strokes in green instantiates the heritage of producing coffee Architecture and Dà ©cor: Cafà © Coffee Day is using lots of young color of today like limegreen, yellow, orange and purple and lots of steel instead of wood. Literature: A youth representative image is indicated by the literature provided by Cafà © Coffee Day. The  colorful hardbound menus, placards, leaflets are all designed o appeal the younger generation who are able to emphasize with it. Processes In India earlier Cafà © Coffee Day opted on self serving system but nowadays in most of the outlets the waiter comes and takes away the order and delivers it to the particular table. While considering the UK market it can be vary according to the location for an example CCD can choose to go with self service with an outlet on Sauchihall street in Glasgow to alleviate the service provision in heavy rush and to avoid the appointment of an additional staff for servicing, thereby saving cost in process execution. Entry Mode to United Kingdom Once the company decided to enter in the UK market, it must evaluate various options on how to create an entry into the market. Different factors influence the choice of entry into the market. Brassington Pettit (2006, P.1131-2) state six main factors are as below: Speed: How quickly a company wants to penetrate into a market? Cost: How much is the initial investment required to enter into the UK market? Flexibility: How flexible is the company to adapt to the requirements of the changing market? Risk factors: Competitive and Political risk Payback period: The pressure from within the organization to produce a quick return on any foreign market investment How fast the organization operates to achieve break even on investments from foreign shores and also generate profits on the long run. Long-term profit objectives: long term strategic plan and opportunities While entering in the United Kingdom, Cafà © Coffee Day can use different entry modes for its all business divisions. Direct Export Direct exporting means that the Cafà © Coffee Day would produce FMCG products in India and then foray into a foreign venture thereby exporting it to the new found market i.e. (UK) customer without involving intermediary parties. The parent company Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Company Ltd is one of the biggest exporters of green coffee from India since 1999. The company having expertise in export, it will help Cafà © Coffee Day to send overseas its FMCG products like Coffee day, Cafà © Beat. Advantages Its sellers responsibility to find customers, negotiate with them and process their orders. Seller maintains complete control by selling through his own export department and sales force It helps to build up clear presence in the market Disadvantages Transportation cost will be high Dependency on Buyer (Porters 5 forces Bargaining power of Buyer ) It might creates lack of control over marketing and sales by delegating to agents Franchising Cafà © Coffee Day can consider Franchising for its Cafà © Coffee Day express and lounge which would mean that CCD is ready to grant the rights to use the multitude of marketing avenues like brand usage, trademarks and usage of products, and a franchisee mode of operation is put in place to make the local entities run the operations under the banner of CCD. Advantages It can generate franchise fee It creates Opportunities to build a broadermarket operation Disadvantages It may create quality control and protecting brand equity problem Wholly-owned Subsidiaries Cafà © Coffee Day can also be concerned about wholly-owned Subsidiaries for express and lounge division. One of the most expensive methods of market entry is using wholly owned subsidiary. It requires long term commitment from the management and resources (Doole and Lowe, 2008, P. 250). This entry method can facilitate Cafà © Coffee Day plans to create the big global chain by 2012-13, at the time of entering in the UK will send clear message about the companys agenda. Advantages Wholly own subsidiary will serve control of core competency and manufacturing method to a competitor The entry mode will assist to realize learning curve and location economies Disadvantages The entry mode will make CCD to bear full cost of establishing its own subsidiary Cafà © Coffee Day needs to study British culture, consumers and competitions Cafà © Coffee Day will have to face UK politics and laws Sales Subsidiaries Cafà © Coffee Day can think about sales subsidiaries while selling its coffee vending machines in the United Kingdom. Sales subsidiaries play no role in manufacturing the products apart from taking accountability for marketing, selling and distributing it (Brassington Pettit, 2006, P. 1138). Advantages CCD can recruit local as well as transfer staff from India It can build up closeness to the customer Transferred staff can have good expertise in the product and management knowledge Recruiting local staff will help CCD to acquire local contacts and knowledge Disadvantages CCD needs to give product and management training to local staff Transportation cost of vending machine can be high Transferred staff needs local knowledge and contacts, and expatriates cost can be high Manufacturing Subsidiaries CCD can also deliberate to establish manufacturing subsidiaries to reduce the import tariff. They can accumulate existing products in the local market or developing better products as per requirements (Brassington Pettit, 2006, P. 1139). Advantages UK government is keen to attract inward investment, it can offer incentives and grants to set up in key region This entry mode for CCD helps to reduce transportation cost in addition to CCD can export the machines to other European countries. Disadvantages This kind of operation needs to start from scratch or acquire manufacturing unit CCD needs to calculate long-term plan before investing resources Recommendations While considering Cafà © Coffee Day, its Business divisions and the United Kingdom as a potential European market I would like to present some recommendations. While studying marketing i come to know that there is no immediate or best solution for entering into a foreign market. Cafà © Coffee Day should calculate all the facts and figures regarding United Kingdom. Cafà © Coffee Day needs to consider franchising, direct export, wholly-owned subsidiaries, sales and manufacturing subsidiaries with their pros and cons. World Banks reports for doing business in the United Kingdom is positive but as a new foreign company in the market, Cafà © Coffee Day should consider to go with low investment and long term strategic goals. Cafà © Coffee Day must consider all the regulations, international laws, and culture and target customers in addition to existing competitors as well.

The Parliament :: essays research papers

The Parliament was an elected organization set up by the king to manage the country to save the King the effort. Although officially ruled by the King, Parliament was increasing it’s power so rapidly that by the 1600s it could no longer be relied on to do what the King wanted. King Charles 1st came into conflict with his Parliament in 1629 when he ordered Parliament to raise taxes and it refused. His response was to abolish Parliament and he ruled Parliament on his own for 11 years. However, the people didn’t support him and he ran short of money so he had to reinstate Parliament in 1640. However, conflict broke out again in 1642 when Charles tried to have 5 members of Parliament arrested who had been actively disagreeing with his policies. The MPs fled into the back of the streets of London but when the King went after them, the citizens expelled him angrily from their city. This was a direct violation by the people of the supreme power of the King and marked the beginning of the English Civil War. Those English who supported the King (the Cavaliers) had support in north England and Wales and the parliamentarians (Roundheads) had support in the rest of England. Despite the fairly even start, however, the Cavaliers were fought back and in 1646 the Roundheads forced the King to surrender. However, at the cease fire negotiations Charles would not agree to the Roundhead terms and after a stalemate the war erupted again in 1648. Once again the Cavaliers were defeated but this time he Roundheads did not accept a surrender and instead captured the and executed Charles in 1649. England now had no King. For the next 11 years was a Republic. It was ruled from 1633 to 1658 by a general named Oliver Cromwell, who was a fundamental Protestant but an extremely cruel man. He was given the title ‘Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England’, but he had been active in Ireland long before he undertook that role. In 1641, just before the Civil War, the Irish of Ulster had begun an uprising and attacked the planters who had settled 30 years before. Between 10,000 and 15,000 Protestant planters were murdered by the Irish at places such as Portadown. Due to the war, the English did nothing about this and the death-toll became heavily exaggerated over time. In 1649, after the Civil War had ended, Cromwell landed at Dublin with 12,000 men with the intention of punishing those who had uprisen. He first attacked Drogheda and captured it, slaughtering over 3000 people. He then marched on Wexford town and massacred several hundred people there.

K3 Bahan Kimia

Diss. ETHNo. 17186 Decision-making Framework for Chemical Process Design Including Different Stages of Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Assessment A dissertation submitted to ETH Zurich for the Doctor of Sciences degree (Dr. of ETH sc. Zurich) presented by HlROKAZU SUGIYAMA Master of Engineering, The University of Tokyo born 30. 09. 1978 citizen of Japan accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Konrad Hungerbuhler, examiner Prof. Dr. Masahiko Prof. Dr. Alexander Hirao, co-examiner Wokaun, co-examiner 2007 Acknowledgement This thesis is the result of almost four years of research at the Safety and EnvironmentalTechnology group at ETH Zurich. During this time, many wonderful people provided me with scientific and personal support. appreciation to I would like to express my sincerest Konrad Hungerbuhler for giving me the opportunity to conduct this thesis work at his group. He guided my research with a well- balanced amount of critical and creative, broad and in-depth to commen ts. My deepest gratitude also belongs my work with Ulrich Fischer who was most dedicated in supervising was so precious ideas, great atmosphere enthusiasm and steadfast our leadership, and besides important for the great in process group.My special thanks go to Masahiko Hirao who provided the other essential pillar from Japan I was under the international and multicultural collaboration framework. The opportunity given I am to conduct parts of this project to at his group is very much appreciated. a also particularly grateful as Alexander Wokaun for his kind acceptance to be on second reviewer of the thesis well as creative comments this work. The financial support from Nagai Foundation Tokyo greatly is gratefully acknowledged. this work of CIBA Numerous people from industry contributed to by giving Specialty me insights from industrial practice.I would like to thank Gerhard Giger Chemicals for the Go Inoue big picture of industrial process development, Koichi Nagai, Kunihiko Shigem atsu, and Hisanori Watanabe of Sumitomo Chemicals, Hermann Siegelt and Dirk Sarcinelli of Degussa for specific experiences on MMA production processes, and Karl Straessle of Zurich am Financial Services for know-how of industrial hazard assessment. I Iwao Matsumoto of JEEL for his IDEF also very grateful to expertise, and Yoshio Kumagae of PreFEED for his valuable comments on process design heuristics. My research further profited greatly from Volker Hoffmann at ETH Zurich for any academic researchers. Special thanks go to Tetsuo providing at his economy-oriented perspectives, Institute of Fuchino, Atsushi Aoyama and Yuji Naka Tokyo Technology for encouraging the direction of integrated process design, of and all members of Hirao for Laboratory especially working-time Yasunori Kikuchi at the University Tokyo sharing joyful and creative whenever I returned there. During my work I had a constant support from ETH Chemistry Library I would like to express my to access to various kinds o f literatures, and representatively appreciation Engelbert Zass for his enthusiastic help. workingI I had a most wonderful time in the creative and am hearty atmosphere of the Safety and Environmental Technology Group. most thankful to Elena Antonijuan, Isaac Kweku Adu, Andrea Bumann and Thomas Albrecht for their excellent performance in master theses and/or post-master database projects. My special a thanks go to Shailesh Shah who set up the EHS ready as perfect information-basis of this work. Many thanks I want to give to Ramon, Laurent, Fabio W, Fabio V, Georg, Valerie, Annette, Maximilian and Stefano who made my starting phase at ETH great and easy, and likewise to Matthias, Heike, Judith, David,Harald and Roland who shared the office G136 but also the ups and downs of research with me. I am particularly powerful thankful to Prisca for her IT friendly help in all administrative issues and to Erol for his and troubleshooting. My great appreciation belongs experiences and discussi ons as Andrej M, Levente Andrej S who shared many members of the process group, also to Christian, Martin, Stefanie and Matthew who helped I would like to me through their environmental expertise. and dearly thank all members of our group for all the magnificent days nights including SOLA, bike-tours, ski-weekends, and Toggele. ove, support My deepest appreciation and gratitude is reserved for and their my parents, for all their unwavering faith in me. Zurich, May 2007 Hirokazu Sugiyama Abstract In recent years, chemical a core companies have adopted the concept of sustainable development as business value. The basis of various decision-making in their entire business has been extended to cover aspects, especially non-monetary issues, the in addition to economic performance. sustainability This thesis From the viewpoint of chemical engineering, big challenge is to integrate criteria early a in process design for as design objectives. rocess presents framework of chemical design, whi ch incorporates multi objective consideration economic, and environmental, health and safety (EHS) different aspects in decision-making over design stages. With a focus on the early design according phase, to four stages, Process Chemistry as a I/II and Conceptual Design I/II, modeling are defined the available information basis for process and assessment. For each defined to economy, stage, appropriate modeling methods and evaluation indicators with respect lifethe cycle environmental impacts, EHS hazard and technical aspects are selected. Based at on evaluation esults, multi objective decision-making is performed systematically the each stage. A case study on methyl methacrylate (MMA) production study, which processes is applied throughout routes this thesis. This case uniquely offers 17 potential synthesis and various types of chemicals in the reaction network, is applied for demonstrating the framework. Starting with 17 an possible synthesis routes, optimized inferior routes are eliminated step-by-step and at is the last stage flowsheet of the route with the best multi objective case performance produced. observing Another part of the the evaluation study alidates decisions made within the framework over by profile of six routes when different stages. Most routes are correctly selected at earlier routes. cause design stages are compared are to the detailed assessment results of all six Several factors identified that to available in detail only at later stages, and which significant updates the results. Among these are the magnitude of energy consumption, EHS investment cost, the amount of loss of valuable of materials, and the monetary and a implications newly considered substances. For these parameters there is measures need to have better estimates in the form of proxy lready at earlier stages. Two what-if analyses are presented to examine how the assessment results are change when the different process options or evaluation settings considered. One ana lysis investigates l impact of specifying process options at the detailed conceptual design stage, i. e. the rigorous flowsheeting stage, economy and and the effect of choosing different setups in evaluation for the criteria of The MMA case life-cycle environmental impacts. options study quantitatively reveals that, among different types of process and evaluation settings, specifying alternatives in reaction chemistry, e. . synthesis path, has the most significant impact. This result confirms the importance layouts of reliable proxy indicators for for different forecasting unknown aspects, e. g. detailed process synthesis paths, in early design stages. the As the second part of the assessment what-if analysis, Several and impact of method selection can on the EHS results is presented. simple methods that The be applied in the early phases are compared qualitatively on quantitatively. assessment results change significantly depending The overall the hazard evaluation method in the ap plied in each of the EHS aspects. scope, iscrepancy mathematical result stems from the differences in the manner considered mass parameters, formulation, and especially own that process no information is treated. However, each method has its merit of one background and there is unique or method a over the other in any of the EHS aspects. The appropriate simplicity can degree only of detail of method considering early design phases where it be applied is the characteristic that separates the methods. Finally, the developed framework is serves as represented by using a a standardized activity modeling use technique, IDEFO, enables the which of blueprint f the business model. The same of IDEFO The description complex activities in detail and at the time transparently. activity model is defined for the four I to design stages as of the framework, i. e. from Process Chemistry Conceptual Design II, the activities to which appropriate case instructions and are resources are provided by as a project manager. Findings in the from the studies included in this activity model, know-how to be exploited design. traditional economic criteria with In summary, this dissertation demonstrates how to integrate non-conventional environment, health and safety criteria in ecision-making over different the stages of process design. This systematization will support chemical industry to undergo paradigm shift towards sustainability in developing processes. 11 Zusammenfassung Wahrend der letzten als Jahre hat die chemische Die Industrie Basis fur das die Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung Kerngeschaft eingefuhrt. um Entscheidungsfindung besonders im gesamten Geschaftsbetrieb wurde finanzielle verschiedene zu Aspekte erweitert, nicht ¬ Gesichtspunkte des wurden zusatzlich den okonomischen Kriterien erfasst. Aus der die grosse von Perspektive Chemieingenieurwesens liegt in Herausforderung ahrend in der die Prozessenticklung Entwicklungsziele. Diese Dissertation welches die der fruhen Integration Nachhaltigkeitskriterien prasentiert ein Rahmenkonzept Zielgrossen fur die aus Entwicklung chemische Prozesse, aus Berucksichtigung mehrere Wirtschaft, sowie den Bereichen Umwelt, Gesundheit und Sicherheit (UGS) wahrend verschiedener Entwicklungsstufen fur eine Entscheidungsfindung beinhaltet. Mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der fruhen I/II Planungsphase den werden die vier Stufen Process Chemistry eine Stufe I/II und Conceptual Design entsprechend und verfugbaren definiert. Informationen als Basis fur dieProzessmodellierung Bewertung und UGS Fur jede definierte werden entsprechende Modellierungsmethoden okologischen Auf der Bewertungsindikatoren Gefahren und bezuglich Wirtschaftlichkeit, Belastungen, Grundlage in technischen wird Aspekten die ausgewahlt. dieser Stufe Abschatzungsergebnisse multi-kriterielle Entscheidungsfindung jeder systematisch durchgefuhrt. Die Produktion Dissertation von Methylmethacrylat (MMA) Diese wird als Fallstudie wahrend der ganzen 17 verwendet. F allstudie, welche um potentielle Synthesewege zu und verschiedene Chemikalien aufweist, wird benutzt, werden das Rahmenkonzept demonstrieren. o Ausgehend von 17 Synthesewegen minderwertige Wege systematisch eliminiert, fur den dass in der letzten Stufe ein multi-kriteriellen optimiertes Flussdiagramm Syntheseweg mit der besten Leistung erhalten wird. Ein anderer Teil der Fallstudie validiert wahrend des Entwicklungswerdeganges Evaluationsprofile Synthesewege detaillierten Detail nur von gemachte Entscheidungen durch Beobachtung der sechs Synthesewegen uber verschiedene Stufen. Die meisten der 6 wurden in fruheren Stufen korrekt ausgewahlt, wie der Vergleich mit den im Abschatzungsergebnissen zeigt. verfugbar Mehrere Faktoren wurden identifiziert, die er in spateren Stufen sind und die grosse Veranderungen Ergebnisse verursachen. Solche Faktoren sind das Ausmass des Energieverbrauchs, Investitionskosten, in der Verlust von Wertstoffen, sowie finanzielle Auswirkungen und UGS-Einfluss von neu berucksichtigen eine bessere Substanzen. Diese Parameter sollten deshalb schon in fruheren Stufen fur als Einschatzung Proxyindikatoren verfugbar prasentiert um sein. Zwei wenn what-if Analysen unterschiedliche werden abzuschatzen wie sich die Ergebnisse andern Prozessoptionen oder Bewertungskriterien berucksichtigt werden. Eine d. h. in sowie der beiden der die Analysen rforscht in der detaillierten die konzeptionellen Entwicklungsstufe, von rigorosen Flowsheeting Stufe, Folgen der Wahl von Auswirkungen bestimmten Prozessoptionen verschiedenen Bewertungskriterien bezuglich quantitativ Wirtschaftlichkeit und Umweltbelastung. Typen von Die MMA Fallstudie lasst und den erkennen dass unter verschiedenen Prozessoptionen Synthesechemie fur verlassliche Bewertungskriterien grossen Einfluss in die Spezifizierung Dieses der Alternativen bestarkt die bezuglich Wichtigkeit Aspekte hat. Ergebniss um Indikatoren z. B. fruhen Entwicklungsstufen unbekannte verschiedene abzuschatzen, wie e taillierte Prozess-Auslegung fur Synthesewege. Als zweiter Teil der what-if Analyse prasentiert. wird die Einwirkung einfache der Methoden-Wahl auf die UGS Abschatzungsergebnisse Planungsphase Mehrere Methoden, die in der fruhen benutzt werden andern konnen, werden qualitativ und quantitativ verglichen. Die sich bedeutsam Abschatzungsergebnisse abhangig Die von der verwendeten UGS Bewertungs-Methode bezuglich stammt von aller UGS Aspekte. allgemeine Abweichung von im Resultat Unterschieden des und besonders berucksichtigten Bereiches, von Parametern, mathematischen Formulierungen der Art, wie Informationen ezuglich es Masse behandelt werden. Jede Methode hat Vorteil einer Methode an jedoch ihren eigenen Hintergund und gibt keinen eindeutigen gegenuber den anderen. Die entsprechende Einfachheit oder der Grad Genauigkeit einer Methode in Bezug auf die fruhe „Planungsphase†, ist die einzige charakteristische Grosse mit welcher die Methoden unterschieden werden konnen. Zum S chluss wird das entwickelte Rahmenkonzept mittels einer standartisierten Aktivitats Modellierungs Technik, IDEFO, prasentiert, Die die als ein Entwurf des Busienss Modells dient. die detaillierte Das Nutzung von IDEFO ermoglicht und

Annotated Bibliography Essay

In hospitals, especially emergency rooms and intensive care units, nurses encounter many critically ill patients. â€Å"One-fifth of the patients cared for by critical care nurses die in the intensive care unit† (Browning, 144), when these patients are nearing the end of their lives there are many decisions that need to be made by the patient if they are able and their family. Healthcare workers are put under tremendous amounts of stress in these situations, especially when they disagree with what the current code status of their patient. According to Rosenburg, the â€Å"current ethical codes provide guidance for supporting autonomy and for information sharing among clinicians, patients, and their family members† (83). This means that the patients and their families should be fully informed on all aspects of the care they are currently receiving and what measures and to what extent these measures would be taken to save them if they were to quit breathing or if their he art was to stop. Most of the time patients and families do not understand the interventions used in these situations, they think what they see on television is an accurate representation; however when they are educated they are able to make the right decision for themselves. Santiago describes the dilemma that occurs when healthcare workers and those that are making decisions for the patient â€Å"disagree over the benefit and value of the continuation of â€Å"aggressive† medical interventions† (27). When they feel as if they are unable to appropriately advocate for their highest risk patients, â€Å"clinicians may experience tremendous anguish and torment, which can lead to compassion fatigue and moral distress† (27). It is easy for us as nurses to take this distress that Santiago describes home with us and this can cause distress in our personal lives. Ideally the patient will have their wishes known about their code status and end of life care before they are in a situation w here they are unable to voice their opinions. Some doctors may give narcotic pain medications or other medications to keep patients comfortable in their last hours. â€Å"Although the APA neither endorses nor opposes assisted suicide, they encourage psychologists to take active roles in both clinical practice and research involving end-of-life issues and in providing competent, culturally sensitive care to the dying and their families† (Rosenburg, 80). Dilemmas of this nature may be handled in many different ways; some may go before the ethics committee if a decision cannot be reached or if the nurse and the doctors do not agree on the course of action. The purpose of the ethics committee is â€Å"case discussion and consultation, policy review and development, and other appropriate interventions, and focuses on considerate and respectful decision-making that accords with fundamental precepts of health care ethics and human rights† (UNC Health Care, 2013). The committee may meet at the request of the family or employee, many by an anonymous telephone call. Technology has brought healthcare to new higher standards than it has been held to in the past. This improvement has â€Å"brought with it the promise of more efficient treatment techniques, extending life inappropriately and futile prolonging of patients’ suffering have become commonplace for critical care nurses caring for dying patients† (Browning. 144). Seeing these patients sustained longer than the nurse feels is ethically responsible may cause a large amount of turmoil in his or her personal life, the profession of nursing is one that requires much of you. Nurses are there for their patients in ways that sometimes the families are unable. The patient’s right to choose is a major player in the ethical debate about end of life care. According to Rosenburg the patient has the right to accept or decline any or all treatment, also Rosenburg says that â€Å"in addition to upholding patient’s dignity and relieving suffering, (clinicians) join their health care colleagues in ensuring that patients receive support for their autonomous decision making throughout care, and particularly in the context of their death† (78). The patient or family may choose no intubation, no Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) or may decide to sign an order of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) as their nurse we should provide education and answer any questions they may have. â€Å"Moral distress occurs when nurses are unable to perform according to what they believe to be ethically correct† (Browning, 144). Often times as the patient’s advocate the nurse feels that he or she may know what’s best or what the patient would want. By being at the bedside of many patients’ in similar situations nurses see what th e patients are put through during life sustaining acts. Sometimes these acts are more traumatic than the illness that brought the patient into the hospital; many times in the emergency room this writer has heard nurses say, things like â€Å"we’re not doing them any favors.† This saying is normally when uttered when CPR is in progress or has brought back a patient that has a poor prognosis. Ethics is something that we encounter on a daily basis in much of our decision making especially with these critical patients, even outside the hospital in everyday lives ethics are in play. When it comes to decision about end of life care, it is best for the patient to make their own decisions but if that is not possible the family needs to be educated about all aspects of the processes and in terms that they are able to understand. End of life care is a very sensitive subject that should be approached with honesty while providing the patient with the utmost dignity. References Browning, A. M. (2013). MORAL DISTRESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT IN CRITICAL CARE NURSES CARING FOR ADULTS AT END OF LIFE. American Journal Of Critical Care, 22(2), 143-152. Rosenberg, T., & Speice, J. (2013). Integrating care when the end is near: Ethical dilemmas in end-of-life care. Families, Systems & Health: The Journal Of Collaborative Family Healthcare, 31(1), 75-83. doi:10.1037/a0031850 Santiago, C., & Abdool, S. (2011). Conversations about challenging end-of-life cases: ethics debriefing in the medical surgical intensive care unit. Dynamics, 22(4), 26-30. UNC Health Care. (n.d.). UNC Health Care. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from http://www.unchealthcare.org

Cloning will help essays

Cloning will help essays Cloning Will Help Us in the Long Run. One issue that has come up within the past five years is the issue of human cloning. This issue has made many people quarrel about if it is morally right or not. One argument against human cloning that many people are looking into now, is whether cloning is ethical. Many people are against this issue, on the other hand, many people are for it. This controversy is currently going on and will be even a greater controversy if the government allows cloning. Both sides are very convincing about their point of view and state good reasons for taking their side of the issue. However, the side that says it is good to use human cloning outweighs the other side greatly. A lot of people think, and I admit I thought this way a few months ago, that cloning human beings is immoral. In a book edited by Michael Ruse, and Aryne Shepherd, it is quoted that some people say that cloning is a blatant violation of thee inner meaning of parent-child relations(123). Some of these people think this because they do not understand the immense amount of education and understanding this process could provide if carried through. Also, more people would want cloning to be a general practice if they just took the time to read more into this subject. They would then find that cloning is an exciting and very helpful scientific breakthrough. Some scientists are getting ready to clone their first baby, despite all of the controversy and laws prohibiting this practice. They think that sooner or later everyone will look at cloning as just another IVF (In vitro fertilization) technique. This example is a very good way at looking at this practice. Once perfected, if this were to be done, it may help solve some of the problems that certain IVF techniques pose today. Making cloning another IVF technique is a good way to use this new process also, because it will be very useful and will help couples that...

The Function of Prefixes in English Grammar

The Function of Prefixes in English Grammar In English grammar and morphology, a prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning, including examples such as anti- to mean against, co- to mean with, mis- to mean wrong or bad, and trans- to mean across. The most common prefixes in English are those that express negation,  like a- in the word asexual, in- in the word incapable, and un- in the word unhappy - these negations immediately alter the meaning of the words the are added to, but some prefixes merely change the form. Interestingly enough, the word prefix itself contains the prefix pre-, which means before, and the  root word  fix, which means to fasten or place; thus the word itself means to place before. Letter groups attached to the ends of words, conversely, are called suffixes, while both belong to the larger group of morphemes known as affixes.   Prefixes are  bound  morphemes, which means they cant stand alone. Generally, if a group of letters is a prefix, it cant also be a word. However, prefixation, or the process of adding a prefix to a word, is a common way of forming new words in English. General Rules and Exceptions Although there are several  common  prefixes in English, not all usage rules apply universally, at least in terms of definition. For instance, the prefix sub- can either mean something below the root word or that the root word is below something. James J. Hurford argues in Grammer: A Students Guide that there are many words in English which look as if they begin with a familiar prefix, but in which it is not clear what meaning to attach either to the prefix or to the remainder of the word, in order to arrive at the meaning of the whole word. Essentially, this means that sweeping rules about prefixes like ex- in exercise and excommunicate cannot be applied. However, there are still some general rules that do apply to all prefixes, namely that they are typically set as part of the new word, with hyphens only appearing in the case of the base word starting with a capital letter or the same vowel that the prefix ends with. In The Cambridge Guide to English Usage by Pam Peters, though, the author does posit that in well-established cases of this type, the hyphen becomes optional, as with cooperate. Nano-, Dis-, Mis- and Other Oddities Technology especially utilizes prefixes as our technological and computer worlds get smaller and smaller. Alex Boese notes in the 2008 Smithsonian article Electrocybertronics, that lately the prefix trend has been shrinking; during the 1980s, mini- gave way to micro-, which yielded to nano and that these units of measurement have since transcended their original meaning. In a similar way, the prefixes dis- and mis- have come to slightly transcend their original intent. Still, James Kilpatrick claims in his 2007 article To dis, or Not to dis, that there are 152 dis- words and 161 mis- words in contemporary lexicography. However, many of these are never spoken like the word misact, which starts the mis- list, as he calls it. The prefix pre- also has a bit of confusion in modern vernacular. George Carlin famously jokes about the everyday occurrence at the airport called pre-boarding. According to the standard definition of the prefix, preboarding should mean  before boarding, but as Carlin puts it What does it mean to pre-board? Do you get on [a plane] before you get on?

Christmas Eve Quotes to Celebrate Christmas

Christmas Eve Quotes to Celebrate Christmas There is something magical about Christmas Eve. The restrained excitement, the easy flow of conversation, and the warmth of the wintry night  bring to mind several memorable Christmas Eves that you celebrated earlier. Churchgoers look forward to the Midnight Mass, a special occasion to seek blessings from God for the year ahead. Christmas Around the World Christmas Eve traditions vary across countries. In France, Christmas is a time to connect with family, exchange gifts with loved ones, and attend the Midnight Mass. Kids put shoes near the fireplace so that Papa Noà «l leaves gifts behind. In Russia, Christmas is celebrated on January 7, as per the Orthodox calendar. Russians celebrate Christmas by having a family dinner and meeting up with friends and family. Christmas in Italy is one long celebration, starting from December 24, that is Christmas Eve, going right up to January 6, the Epiphany. Nativity scenes, Christmas lights and decorations, traditional costumes, and feasting dominate the scene. Most families have their own special Christmas Eve traditions. While each family prides itself in creating its own traditions, many of the observances are common among families. Traditions on Christmas Eve The Midnight Mass is a common tradition in most Catholic families. People head to their church for a special prayer service. There are many traditions surrounding the Christmas tree, Christmas decorations,  the Yule log, the Mistletoe, carol singing, and of course, Christmas stockings. Let us not forget ​Santa Claus, who adds his own charm to the spirit of Christmas. Abundant  stories and legends about Santa Claus have kept the myth alive, creating a world of magic in the eyes of little children. Santa Claus is not just a giver of gifts, he epitomizes hope and joy that is so integral to Christmas celebration. Famous Quotes About Christmas Enjoy these Christmas Eve quotes with your loved ones. Charles Dickens Happy, happy Christmas, that can win us back to the delusions of our childhood days, recall to the old man the pleasures of his youth, and transport the traveler back to his own fireside and quiet home! Bill McKibben There is no ideal Christmas; only the one Christmas you decide to make as a reflection of your values, desires, affections, traditions. Norman Vincent Peale I truly believe that if we keep telling the Christmas story, singing the Christmas songs, and living the Christmas spirit, we can bring joy and happiness and peace to this world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sir Walter Scott Twas Christmas broachd the mightiest ale; Twas Christmas told the merriest tale; A Christmas gambol oft could cheer The poor mans heart through half the year. Alexander Smith Christmas is the day that holds all time together. Helen Steiner Rice Bless us Lord, this Christmas with quietness of mind. Teach us to be patient and always to be kind. Hamilton Wright Mabi Blessed is the season, which engages the whole world in a conspiracy of love. Clement C. Moore, The Night Before Christmas Now, Dasher! now, Dancer! now, Prancer and Vixen! On, Comet! on, Cupid! on, Donner and Blitzen! Mother Goose Christmas is coming, the geese are getting fat, Please to put a penny in an old mans hat; If you havent got a penny a hapenny will do, If you havent got a hapenny, God bless you. Bess Alrich Christmas Eve was a night of song that wrapped itself about you like a shawl. But it warmed more than your body. It warmed your heart†¦ filled it, too, with a melody that would last forever. Ray Evans, Silver Bells Silver bells, silver bells, Its Christmas time in the city. Orson Welles Now Im an old Christmas tree, the roots of which have died. They just come along and while the little needles fall off me replace them with medallions. W. T. Ellis It is Christmas in the heart that puts Christmas in the air.   Alfred, Lord Tennyson, In Memoriam The time draws near the birth of Christ; The moon is hid; the night is still; The Christmas bells from hill to hill Answer each other in the mist. Ada V. Hendricks May you have the gladness of Christmas which is hope; The spirit of Christmas which is peace; The heart of Christmas which is love.

Finding a paper for my final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finding a paper for my final project - Essay Example Consequently, organizations have a chance of minimizing their IT based capital expenditures. Cloud computing services ensure that large and small organizations have the potential of attaining optimum IT based functionalities. These occur as the organizations face stiff competition and different government regulations on data-storage needs and computing. However, market factors and the management of the organizations may hinder or influence the engagement of the organizations in the cloud computing strategies. Such contributes in the reduction of the ability of organizations to engage in IT related infrastructure for business growth and improvement on competitive strength. Another key issue is the technical ability of the organization, which determines the potential of the organization to handle its cloud computing. This entails information sharing, cost savings, in-house degradation performance and the other associated performance over the in-house. Such depicts the trust level for the deployment of the effective cloud computing infrastructure, which makes the organization have the potential of achieving its success in the competitive business

Being a Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Being a Leader - Essay Example Crumb defines effective leadership to refer to the type of leadership which caters for the needs of each and every individual worker or employee serving the organization in all capacities from the lowest rank to the highest rank (Crumb, 2005). This type of leadership he says is that which listens to the voice of every member of the organization and ensures that all their grievances are taken into consideration and addressed effectively to their satisfaction. The effective leader himself must be he who is able to listen keenly to the points raised by various members of the organization in order to ensure that their objectives are achieved in accordance with the goals of the organization. Like any other organizations around the world, the leadership of the Mobitech Company is aiming at achieving the best she can in satisfying the needs of her prospective customers in the ever changing world with regard to the technological demands of the world. The Mobitech Company is among the many co mpanies around the world which deals with the provision of mobile phone services to her wide range of customers around the globe. I am the chief executive officer of the company and aims at driving the company far to help in achieving her numerous goals and objectives. This paper will look at the various ways through which the company management tries to achieve her objectives in an era of massive technological demands. Creating the Environment As we all know, the whole world is currently geared towards the use of technology in a myriad of areas of application. Technology as we have realized helps in numerous ways with regard to offering the solution for a wide range of issues. Technological applications have improved the lives of many people around the globe and eased the way certain activities are done and carried out (Dar, 2010). In the present times, technology has come into play in almost every sector of the economy and thus is one of the many products that are in very high dem and among all people around the globe. Almost everyone in the world today owns or finds it necessary to possess a phone or just communicate to the other person through the phone. The use of mobile phones in communication has enabled many people to be able to communicate with various persons across the world irrespective of their present location on the earth’s surface. People can communicate with each other across the divide by simply pressing the phone buttons to connect to their fellows in different parts of the world. Indeed, this mode of communication has been made realistic in such a way that people may seem to be far away from each other as regards the distance between them yet to close with regard to the ease with which they can reach and communicate with each other. Besides, information is what makes a society moving and registering success in her numerous areas of work. The exchange of information and ideas between various groups of people is the sole determining fac tor for the economic development of a society, state or country and is therefore a necessity in everyday life. We are very aware of this as Mobitech Company and aims at bridging the gap between different people located anywhere on the earth’s surface so that the exchange of information between them is made more effective and efficient to ensure that their goals and objectives are achieved. Having fully and clearly

Ethical Standards for Behavior in International Negotiations Essay

Ethical Standards for Behavior in International Negotiations - Essay Example The country is adopting and improving its business environment for making its international negotiation process more efficient. The country has no quotas, foreign exchange controls and trade barriers regarding international negotiation. UAE conducts the business around the world. For this reason, the country follows the wide framework of foreign policies. UAE is very much concerned about its commitments. It is one of the important ethical principles of this country. The country tries to maintain peace and stability in its international negotiations (Hooper and Newlands, 2012). The country builds a good relationship with foreign companies and countries for establishing effective negotiation policies. UAE emphasizes on tolerance, modernization while doing international negotiation. The country respects people of different places and religions for developing good relations with other countries. The government of UAE tries to maintain the balance between international environment and com munity. Some government-affiliated bodies contribute a lot to developing a good international environment which will facilitate the negotiation process. The rules and regulations of UAE are developed in such a way which helps the people in becoming a good global citizen. In international negotiation, the people of UAE focus more on words. The country puts a huge effort into following the words said in the negotiation process (Soriano, 2014). The people of UAE directly discuss the topic on which they are holding the meeting of business negotiation. They make sure that some strong benefits are obtained by international negotiation. While negotiating with foreign companies and countries the people of UAE do not get distracted from the objectives of the negotiation. They maintain a specific standard for doing international negotiation. Trust and sincerity are considered as most important factors for doing international negotiation.

Sam 386 unit 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sam 386 unit 8 - Assignment Example A contract must include the names of both or more parties involved. The parties when dealing with businesses must include the type of entity and state of establishment. The scope of the work describes in detail the things that must be done to comply with the terms of the contract. It also includes a specific list of deliverables for the project and a process for expanding the scope of work, should the client want you to provide additional services (Artofbusiness, 2014). The precise terms of the contract and the timeline for delivery of the contract are important elements. The project manager must provide progress reports to upper management about the completion status of the project. The payment details is probably the most important element of a service contract. The contract must clearly states who owns any patents, copyright, or trademarks that are product during the course of business of the

Evaluation of a Website www.pbskids.org Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation of a Website www.pbskids.org - Essay Example I am particularly attracted by the website www.pbskids.org. This website combines entertainment with education, and is very attractively designed. The main draw of the website is the great technical skill of its design, which facilitates its use by children. It is a great example of how learning can be made fun. By incorporating characters, such as Barney & Friends, Curious George, Sesame Street, and Thomas and Friends, into spelling, number and letter games, the website educates and entertains. The bright colors, and easily understandable links, are very child-friendly. With websites ranging from the institutional to the personal, it is essential to develop the skill of objectively evaluating a website. Obviously, a commercial website cannot serve as a source for academic purposes, and a website with links to a pharmaceutical firm cannot be cited for medical research. Several criteria, such as accuracy, authority, objectivity and currency, come into play in evaluating a website (Cor nell University Library, 1998). Evaluation of the website www.pbskids.org, based on the criteria of reliability of the source, the credentials of the author, and the information available, gives an accurate picture of the website. The reliability of the source is of paramount importance in evaluating a website. ... Virgin Islands, Guam and American Samoa. PBS reaches nearly 123 million television viewers and more than 21 million online visitors in a month. It is America’s largest public media enterprise. The organization’s mission statement clearly reflects its focus on education. It is a measure of the strength of its credentials that the website has a link to the home page of the PBS, where a detailed account of the organization, its mission statement, and terms of use are all clearly laid down. As the domain name is clearly preferred, the producer of the website is unequivocally stated, and the credentials of the organization are reliable, it may be accepted that www.pbskids.org is the product of a reliable source. The credentials of the author is the other strong criteria in the evaluation of a website. www.pbskids.org does not list any author. In this case, the absence of a single author is not relevant, as the domain name of the website indicates that the source is an organi zation. As the website is sponsored by an organization, and the credentials of this organization, PBS, are genuine, the authority of the website may be accepted. In the absence of an author, the credentials of the organization may be taken in its stead. PBS KIDS is the winner of several Daytime Emmy Awards and features on many reliable surveys, including Nielsen and Google Analytics. It is clear that PBS is a leading player in curriculum based media, and has the authority to deal with this content. The page gives a direct link to the home page of the organization, where detailed contact information, including e-mail id’s and telephone numbers, are provided. Again, it is evident that the organization is very transparent in stating the purpose and

Boeing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Boeing - Case Study Example There were a lot of apprehensions among the directors as the company had not enough experience of developing a plane of their own. Project Uncertainty and Risk Management, the project management was not effective in Boeing 767 program, is the first weakness. Since the company did not have any past experience of cockpit design for two persons, it resulted in many difficulties in the successful execution of the final product. There should have been a through analysis of design before getting the final approval. Another weakness was that the geographic locations of production were also not considered. This hence became a major weakness as the transportation of parts was important on time. Time also became critical also due to the change in the design of cockpit. The strength was that the conversion of conversion from two-person to three person cockpit, which a very big risk was handled very intelligently. First strength was that the delivery of the planes was just one month delayed. This conversion also raised project uncertainty concern. As the parts were designed for two person cockpit and payments were already made. The strength of project management was that it was decided that modification experts will fix this problem once parts are installed. This resulted in minimization of the risk of production disruption. Hence the project uncertainty arising from risk was avoided. This made the design of new cockpit more adaptable to changes. In terms of quality managements another weakness aroused due to this conversion for space. This risk seemed to disrupt the modification of the thirty planes which were almost ready and were also ready to be flown. However, many managers opposed this approach as it violated the fire control systems and may result in working environment without fire system for some time till the new system gets installed again (Shaw, 1999). Another weakness in terms of quality was about the modification in production. Until all drawing and parts were available, cockpit work was delayed for two-crew models, and also demanded the alteration in the test procedure. Testing of each system sequentially when it became operational was not possible then. Furthermore another weakness which reinforced this weakness was that functional testing was done after complete installation of two-person cockpit. Hence the delay in problem detection and correction became another big weakness in terms of quality assurance. This gave chances for some errors and problem to be overlooked from one stage of installation to other. However, the strength of this program with regard to the quality management was that parts installation was done only once and there were no subsequent removal hence the configuration was secured. This reduces the effort cost that might have incurred if parts were removed one after the

Evaluation of a Website www.pbskids.org Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation of a Website www.pbskids.org - Essay Example I am particularly attracted by the website www.pbskids.org. This website combines entertainment with education, and is very attractively designed. The main draw of the website is the great technical skill of its design, which facilitates its use by children. It is a great example of how learning can be made fun. By incorporating characters, such as Barney & Friends, Curious George, Sesame Street, and Thomas and Friends, into spelling, number and letter games, the website educates and entertains. The bright colors, and easily understandable links, are very child-friendly. With websites ranging from the institutional to the personal, it is essential to develop the skill of objectively evaluating a website. Obviously, a commercial website cannot serve as a source for academic purposes, and a website with links to a pharmaceutical firm cannot be cited for medical research. Several criteria, such as accuracy, authority, objectivity and currency, come into play in evaluating a website (Cor nell University Library, 1998). Evaluation of the website www.pbskids.org, based on the criteria of reliability of the source, the credentials of the author, and the information available, gives an accurate picture of the website. The reliability of the source is of paramount importance in evaluating a website. ... Virgin Islands, Guam and American Samoa. PBS reaches nearly 123 million television viewers and more than 21 million online visitors in a month. It is America’s largest public media enterprise. The organization’s mission statement clearly reflects its focus on education. It is a measure of the strength of its credentials that the website has a link to the home page of the PBS, where a detailed account of the organization, its mission statement, and terms of use are all clearly laid down. As the domain name is clearly preferred, the producer of the website is unequivocally stated, and the credentials of the organization are reliable, it may be accepted that www.pbskids.org is the product of a reliable source. The credentials of the author is the other strong criteria in the evaluation of a website. www.pbskids.org does not list any author. In this case, the absence of a single author is not relevant, as the domain name of the website indicates that the source is an organi zation. As the website is sponsored by an organization, and the credentials of this organization, PBS, are genuine, the authority of the website may be accepted. In the absence of an author, the credentials of the organization may be taken in its stead. PBS KIDS is the winner of several Daytime Emmy Awards and features on many reliable surveys, including Nielsen and Google Analytics. It is clear that PBS is a leading player in curriculum based media, and has the authority to deal with this content. The page gives a direct link to the home page of the organization, where detailed contact information, including e-mail id’s and telephone numbers, are provided. Again, it is evident that the organization is very transparent in stating the purpose and

Your choice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Your choice - Term Paper Example The shooting and development also includes motion pictures. For a movie to be successful, the relationship between cinematographer and director must be safe and comfortable with each other. Cinematographers need their independence at work in order to give good results. At the beginning of both the movies â€Å"Troy† and â€Å"Hunger Games,† the cinematography uses the extreme long shots. These enable them to show their audiences the entire location where the scene is to take place. This type of shot can also be called the establishing shot. When a movie shooting is on, how close the camera gets to the actors depends on the amount of details that the producer intends to show to the audience. The background of the location in video scenes is always instrumental to the viewers understanding of the theme of the story. The first impression that an audience gets from the opening scene determines their attitude towards the film as a whole. In â€Å"Troy† when Achilles a rrives at Troy walls, the cameras are placed in different angles to bring all the actors to view. The number of soldiers going to battle in this particular scene is enormous; as a result not all of them can be individually viewed. The cameras, therefore, need to be located at an angle where a large group can get captured at a time. It is I such instances that several cameras go into action at the same time. Extreme long shots are also necessary for capturing of these scenes with large number of actors at the time. The intention of these types of shots is to give the audience the idea circumstantial effect that is necessary for interpretation purposes. The long shots also came in handy and the filming of Troy, the moving soldiers, were spread in a large group a fact that was important for the audiences to note. Therefore, this type of shot was able to discern individuals face and at the same time show the others who were on the far end of the line covering an extensive view of the

Effects Of The One Child Policy In China Sociology Essay

Effects Of The One Child Policy In China Sociology Essay As the most populous country in the world, the Peoples Republic of China has been adopting the One-Child Policy since 1979 in order to improve the problem of overpopulation which is seen as an obstacle of the growth and development of the country. While the Chinese Government emphasizes its achievements of population control in China, the controversial policy has been widely criticized for its negative influences. This paper presents the One-Child Policys effects on the position of women. Womens position in this paper is basically defined by womens rights, freedom, respectability and social status .I will first briefly introduce the policy, then analyze both the positive and negative impacts with relevant data and statistics, and lastly come to a conclusion. The Policy and Population Growth Introduced in 1978 and implemented since 1979, the One-Child Policy is a family planning policy adopted by the Chinese Government in order to improve Chinas over-rapid population as to prevent its unfavourable effects on economic and social development of the country.(Information Office of the State Council Of the Peoples Republic of China 1995) The policy restricts married urban Chinese couples from having more than one child by imposing monetary penalties on families with extra children yet exemptions are allowed for couples who belong to ethnic minorities, live in rural area or do not have any siblings.(BBC News 2000) The One-Child Policy is considered successful in terms of its control on Chinas population growth as the birth rate in the county has been greatly decreasing since the introduction of the policy. (see Figure 1) Compared with 1970, in 1994 the birth rate dropped from 33.43 per thousand to 17.7 per thousand; the natural growth rate, from 25.83 per thousand to 11.21 per thousand; and the total fertility rate of women, from 5.81 to around 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦According to statistics supplied by the United Nations, Chinas population growth rate has already been markedly lower than the average level of other developing countries. (Information Office of the State Council Of the Peoples Republic of China 1995) Figure 1. Changes in the total fertility rate in China Source: National Population and Family Planning Commission of China (2006) Violation of Womens Reproductive Rights Despite its success in population control, the One-Child Policy gives rise to criticisms among which one lies in its violation of womens reproductive rights. Reproductive rights are a subset of human rights first recognized at the United Nations International Conference on Human Rights in Teheran on 13th May 1986. According to the 16th article of the Proclamation of Teheran, Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children. Dixon-Mueller (1993: 12) suggests that reproductive rights can be defined as three types: 1. the freedom to decide how many children to have and when (or whether) to have them; 2. the right to have the information and means to regulate ones fertility; 3. the right to control ones own body. Reproductive freedom is the core of individual self-determination. The One-Child Policy does not only violate womens rights by limiting the number of their children but also leads to forced abortions in the country. Under the enforced policy, every 2.4 seconds there is a woman undergoing a forced abortion in China and this makes a total of about 35,000 abortions per day. (Phillips 2010: 1) Abortion is legal in China and as reported in China Daily in 2009, 13 millions of abortions are performed in China every year, which largely exceeds those performed in other countries such as the United States and Canada. (see Figure 2). There is a direct relationship between the One-Child Policy and Chines abortion rate. PostenYaukey (1992: 290) point out that the abortion rate in China increased by nearly 50% between 1978 and 1979 when the policy started being implemented. It is widely known that abortions can cause women health problems, not to mention its negative impacts on emotional and mental health. Ms. Reggie Littlejohn, president of Womens Rights Without Frontiers, criticized that The one child policy causes more violence toward women and girls than any other policy on the face of the earth. (Jiang 2009) Figure2. Abortion statistics in China, U.S.A., U.K., Canada and Australia Source: Jiang (2009) Unwanted Daughters and Sex-Selective Abortions A saying among peasants in China goes like this:The birth of a boy is welcomed with shouts of joy and firecrackers, but when a girl is born, the neighbours say nothing(WestleyChoe 2007: 2) In spite of Chinas modernization over the past decades, it is still common for Chinese parents to prefer sons to daughters. (Wang 1999: 197) Such a preference indirectly leads to sex-selective abortions as female fetuses are usually considered less precious than male ones, especially if the couples are allowed to have only one child. With fetal screening technologies such as ultrasound, amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling, the sex of unborn fetuses can be recognized before their birth. Such technologies and available abortions result in the possibility that couples selectively abort female fetuses in the hope of having a son instead.(WestleyChoe 2007: 3) Beside sex-selective abortions, Chinas infant mortality rate is another thing to look into. Generally the mortality of male infants is expected to be greater than that of female ones as male infants are biologically weaker than female infants.(Li, 2007: 2) This assumption is also proved by the worlds infant mortality rate by sex.(See Table 1) However, as shown in Table 2, China goes in the reverse direction. It is believed that this unusual tendency is caused by female infanticides and daughter abandonments resulting from the son preference. Table 1. Worlds infant mortality rate by sex 1980-2010 Source: United Nations Population Division (2010) Table 2. Chinas infant mortality rate by sex 1980-2010 Source: United Nations Population Division (2010) Gender Imbalance Blessing or Curse? Together with the increasing female infant mortality, there is a rising trend of the sex ratio in China since the implement of the One-Child Policy.(See Figure 3) It is estimated by the State Population and Family Planning Commission that there will be 30 million more Chinese man than Chinese women in 2020. (BBC News 2007) Because of the supply-and-demand law that supply decreases t and demand remains unchanged then the value of supply increase, some people assume that if there are less women in China their values and social status should naturally rise. However, this law would make sense only if the demand of women was high. Poon(2008) points out that when women become the minority in a male-preponderant society like China, China may face a period of unprecedented male aggression, which would likely render women as victims and womens status even more precarious and vulnerable to subjugation. Figure 3. Rising sex ratio and excess female infant mortality in China Source: Sun (2005) Womens Empowerment The Mistaken Focus It is always emphasized by the Chinese Government that the One-Child Policy helps promoting womens empowerment and improving womens position as they are freed from heavy burdens brought about by having many children(National Population and Family Planning Commission of China 2006). This claim contains two causal relations: 1) Because of the One-Child Policy women have fewer children. 2) Women have fewer children so they can spend more time on their career. Both of them make sense in a large extent, but is the One-Child Policy a must to control the number of womens children? Probably no. Despite that Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC, the One-Child Policy is never implemented in the city, where the social position of women is relatively high. As shown in Figure 4, the fertility rate of Hong Kong kept dropping even and was even lower than that of China. Of course one can argue that there are various factors contributing to Hong Kongs low fertility rate, yet one can also question whether the One-Child Policy is the only factor causing the decline in fertility rate and the rise of womens position. Figure 4. Fertility rates from 1960-2005 in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and East Asia Pacific Source: The United Families International (2010) The Single Child Generation The One-Child Policy does not only aim to decrease the birthrate but also to improve the quality of the new generation, the future pillars of China. It is commonly believed that having single daughters will raise the position of women as their parents provide them with better and more concentrated resources such as education and materials. It may be true in some ways, but Greenhalgh(2007.) points out that the One-Child Policy has produced the most materially and educationally privileged generation of young people in Chinese history who are spoiled and egocentric. Having been the focus of attention from the family throughout their growing-up years, these children are more dependent on others and easily hurt psychologically.(China Daily 2005) The new single-child generation in China has already concerning Chinese from the older generation. Do better resources necessarily create a better generation? If it does not, how can we expect a decline in qualities of children (both male and fema le) will result in better positions of women? Conclusion The One-Child Policy was claimed to be a short-term measure when it was first introduced in China.(Hesketh, Li Zhu 2005) Now that the policy has already been implemented for three decades, its negative consequences eventually appear and have aroused worries from the society. The policy negatively affects womens position as it violate womens rights and enhances the existing favoritism towards male children and it is not coming to an end yet. According to Zhao Baige, deputy director of the National Population and Family Planning Commission of China, although it is said that the policy has been slowly being relaxed ,Chinas family-planning policy will remain unchanged until at least 2015. (Kumar 2010) (1631 words)

Should Plea Bargaining be Abolished? Essay -- Pros and Cons of Plea Ba

Being a citizen of the United States comes with advantages that no other country can match. We are granted rights and privileges just for being born within our borders. Others can also gain these rights by adopting our way of life and swearing to uphold its values. Being a citizen or not, we are expected to obey laws that the U.S. Government has put in place to maintain order and balance. When we don’t obey these laws the government has the right to punish us. Luckily for us, our Bill of Rights has even granted us rights until proven guilty. It gives us rights to a fair and speedy trial as well as the right to representation during trial. So many rights and procedures have come about since the birth of our nation. We are constantly making new rules to help uphold the old rules and deciding if the old rules still apply. One practice that has been used during trial has no mention in the Bill of Rights, but has been held as constitutional is plea-bargaining.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plea bargain was a tool rarely used before the 19th century in prosecution. â€Å"In America, it can be traced almost to the very emergence of public prosecution, although not exclusive to the U.S., developed earlier and more broadly here than most places.† Plea-bargaining was limited because judges controlled most sentencing. Judges did not appreciate the workload relief until personal injury cases skyrocketed during the industrial era.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A plea bargain can be defined as, â€Å"a negotiation between the defendant and his attorney on one side and the prosecutor on the other, in which the defendant agrees to plead â€Å"guilty† or â€Å"no contest† to some crimes, in return for reduction of the severity of the charges, dismissal of some of the charges, the prosecutor’s willingness to recommend a particular sentence or some other benefit to the defendant. Sometimes one element of the bargain is that the defendant reveal information such as location of stolen goods, names of others participating in the crime or admission of other crimes. The judge must agree to the result of the plea bargain before accepting the plea. If he does not, then the bargain is cancelled.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One could wonder why plea bargains are even made. One reason would be that criminal courts are becoming clogged and overcrowded. Going through the proper procedure and processes that we are granted takes time. Trials can take anywhere from days to... ...caseloads, and more often than most realize they may plea-bargain a case that in fact should be prosecuted. I have no intentions of trying to judge their actions, simply because I truly appreciate the position they are in.† Bibliography ABA Division for Public Education: Steps in a Trial: Plea Bargaining. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.abanet.org/publiced/courts/pleabargaining.html CNN.com - Ashcroft's new charging, plea bargaining, and sentencing Oct. 3, 2003 http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/10/03/findlaw.analysis.lazarus.ashcroft/ Defendants' Incentives for Accepting Plea Bargains. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article. Ellis, Michael. â€Å"Message no. 5921.† Sept. 11, 2004 http://www.saintleodl.eduprise.com Plea Bargain. Sept. 25, 2004 http://dictionary.law.com/definition2. Plea Bargaining Sept. 29, 2002. http://www.truthinjustice.org/bargaining.htm Plea Bargaining: An Unconstitutional Delegation of Judicial Power. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.lawmall.com/pleabarg/ Plea Bargaining Nov 24, 1992 http://www.bronxda.net/fcrime/plea.htm Plea Bargains: Why and When They're Made . Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article

Essay --

1.0 Definition of jinn: In Arabic language the word of jinn refer to something that is concealed and keep out of sight. Ibn Aqeel said: â€Å"The jinn are so called because they conceal themselves from people’s sight†, because the jinn can not be seen by human beings with their own eyes. Al-Jawhir said: al-Jaan is the father of the jinn, the plural of which is Jeenaan. It says in al-Qaamoos al-Muheet. Jinn al-Layl means the darkness of the night so called because jinn love to roam at night. Al-Jaan is a plural al-Jinn. (Umar, 2005) It says in Lisannul- Arab: Janana means to cover. Everything that is concealed from you is junna Anka (conceal from you). Jannahu al-Layl means the night covered him. The jinn so called because they are hidden from view. (Nasiruddin, 2005). Jinn are one of the natures of life that cannot be seen by human. The nature is there and just like their lives as human like placement, lifestyle, and there are also spirits of his own government consisting of the king and the people for example such a government in a settlement in the Bermuda triangle. (Isa, 1999). This event proved to, the most famous US Navy losses which have occurred at the area famously known as the Bermuda Triangle are USS Cyclops in March. The ship probably sank in an unexpected storm, and traces of them have never been found. This event indicates that there is another nature that is unknown to the human world of the jinn. In addition, this event can be proved from the Holy Quran that Allah said: â€Å"Verily, he [the Shaytaan] and Qabeeluhu [his soldiers from the jinn or his tribe] see you from where you cannot see them.† (Al-A’raf:27) 1.1 Origin of jinn: Jinn are other kind of creations of Allah. Like angels, the jinn’s appearance also diffe... ...d the rumors that Muslims take the wrong path and treatment to cure these diseases such as asking help from the shaman, wearing amulet and many more treatment that against the syari’ah of Islam. Based on these situations, this research will lead people to get to know about the reality of jinn, their types and the abilities and weakness of jinn. When Muslim peoples know about their reality, peoples will be cautions from take the jinn as their protector instead asking protection from Allah. Allah says: â€Å"Yet, they join the jinns as partners in worship with Allah, though He has created them (the jinns), and they attribute falsely without knowledge sons and daughters to Him. Be He Glorified and Exalted above (all) that they attribute to Him.† (al-An’am:100) So, Muslims have beware from deception of Satan and not treat them as a medium of our relationship with Allah SWT

Animal Bullying

The horizon melted across the sky, the setting sun nowhere to be seen. A seagull dived across the sky, heading horizon. I sat on the sandy beach, staring at the mesmerizing obediently beside me. Looking at it, a wave of fresh memories came rushing back into my mind, engulfing me in it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It was a sultry Saturday afternoon, left to my own devices. I sat on my squishy couch, eyes peeled on the goggle box, enjoying my favourite television show, ‘Zero no Tsukaima’. Then, the show finally ended, I rubbed my still bleary eyes and gave the clock a quick glance.It was still early, only 3 o’clock. Wondering what to do, I stared blankly at the ceiling. Then the telephone started ringing shrilly. Without further hesitation, I dashed to answer it and to my surprise, it was my best friend, John inviting me for a ride in the park. I agreed readily. Like a cat on hot brick, I quickly changed and glanced countless times at the clock in the process, then, I quickly boar ded my bike and started cycling towards the park. Though the park was only a stone’s throw away from my house, then it seemed as if it was miles away.After what seemed like an eternity, I finally reached the park and found John waiting for me there impatiently. I quickly approached him and we began cycling around while chatting about the interesting happenings in school. Just as we having a whale of our time, a scared ‘mew’ and then a crowd of raucous laughter aroused our attention. We quickly alighted from our bikes and then edged nearer and nearer to the direction where the laughter was coming from. Hiding behind a clump of bushes, we peered carefully through the gaps between the leaves to see what had happened.To our utter horror, three teenage boys formed a small circle around a white and brown splotched cat and each was armed with several rubber bands and a packet of soft drink. Then, one of the boys let loose a rubber band striking the cat near the eye, it retreated and the boy behind it let loose another rubber band hitting it on the back and he also edged forward to step its tail. The cat gave another loud pitiful ‘mew’ and it nearly broke my heart. â€Å"How dare they do that to such a helpless little cat? † I thought.I began to stand up, but John grabbed my arm and we retreated to a few metres away and John frantically asked me, â€Å"What do you want to do? They are so much bigger and stronger than us! † I gave a sigh and told him how I felt and I also told him that I could not bear to see the kitten being bullied and beaten by the teenagers and I turned to go towards the teenager, and John grabbed me again and tried his best to persuade me not to go but I would not listen, the commotion aroused the attention of the teenagers and they came out, looking at what had happened. When they saw us, they snickered and asked, â€Å"What business do you have here kid? Anger started to boil within me and I longed to go up to him and give him a bash straight in the face, but I had to suppress my anger and said, â€Å"I may be a kid but at least I know it is wrong to hurt innocent animals unlike you dunces. † The teenagers instantly flared up and were cracking their knuckles. Instantly, I regretted what I had just said. John was standing beside me trembling from head to toe. Then, the leader of the gang snarled at me, â€Å"Who cares about a rotten ball of fur. † I made a quick dash for the kitten that came limping towards us and then without a second look, I dashed away.John also followed me and also kept looking backwards, but to our surprise, the teenagers did not chase us. After running for quite a long distance, we stopped to catch a breath. I also stopped to take a look at the kitten, its right leg was bleeding and its blood dyed my red shirt as I held it close to myself just now. Then the kitten started licking its wound. After discussing with John, we decided to bring it to the vet. Upon reaching the vet, we showed him the veterinarian and he told us that the kitten was not too badly hurt except for some skin deep cuts.Only then, we sighed in relief. Then, we decided to go home and John said that he had nothing to do with the kitten, so I brought it home. When my parents came home, I related the incident to them and I asked them if I could keep the kitten. At first, they were firm and said no, but after much begging and persuasion, they finally agreed me and requested me to take care of the kitten myself as my mother was afraid that after some time, I would lose interest in the cat and the responsibility of taking care of it would land on her.That, I readily agreed. Suddenly, my cat bounded from my torch and ran it around me back into reality. Looking at the sky again, it was turning dark and I gave a sigh ready to get up and go back home for dinner, carrying the kitten in one hand, I set off to home. I was really grateful that I had the chance to come by the kitten. I will devote myself to take care of the kitten for life. That is what it takes to be a responsible pet owner.

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay

Introduction The Kite Runner is an extraordinary book, which reminds us how long the Afghani people have been struggling to triumph over the forces of violence. Because of the books strong story, we get an insight in how people might have experienced the crisis in Kabul, even though it’s been shown through a book. The author Khaled Hosseini was a practicing physician until after the book’s release. This was also his first novel, which was released in 2003 and turned out to be an international bestseller. Even though the story of The Kite Runner is fictional, it’s based on a true story and also on Hosseini’s memories of growing up in Kabul. This also means that the genre of the book is not a fictional novel (many look at it that way), but an historical novel. According to an article in USA Today, The Kite Runner has sold over 1. 4 million copies, which is a phenomenal sale for a first time author. The story tells of a friendship between two boys growing up in Kabul. Even though they were raised in the same household, Amir and Hassan are from two â€Å"different worlds†. While Amir is the son of a wealthy and respected man (Baba), Hassan is the son of the family servant (Ali). The most important factor in the story is the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Their intertwined lives and fate, shows that throughout the story even though, when their relationship was inseparable in the start. They still manage to become separated through jealousy. Five years later, during the Soviet occupation, Amir and Baba are forced to flee. They spend their new lives in California, and Amir starts a career as an author. Even though Amir thinks that he has escaped his past. He still cannot leave the memory of Hassan behind him. Setting The story uses two main settings. One is Afghanistan and the other is California. We could also say that the story is divided into three sections: the memories of pre-conflict Afghanistan, adjusting to life in America, and returning to Taliban controlled Afghanistan. There is big difference between these places. While Afghanistan used to be a safe and peaceful nation, their reputation completely changed after Taliban started controlling the country. The country is also portrayed as a demolished and deserted place, while California is shown as a way to escape their problems in Afghanistan. California will always be a much safer place to live, for both Amir and Baba, but Baba still misses Afghanistan, since he used to be wealthy and respected. He misses Kabul because in California, he is completely the opposite. He works at a gas station for many hours, and through the book we can feel that he misses almost everything about his previous home. It’s important to understand their struggle to adapt to their new home, because it shows how different Afghanistan is from California, and we also get a better understanding of the story. Structure and characters The Kite Runner starts with a nameless narrator, talking about his past and how it’s been affecting him for the last twenty-six years. The narrator also gives us clues to what might happen, and the troubles that will arise. After going through a few chapters, we get to know the main characters better and their problems. The characters that we first meet are Amir and Hassan. Amir is the narrator and the main character throughout the story. He is an Afghan man with a special childhood. Through most of his life Amir tries to redeem his reputation in the eyes of his father as he felt he was responsible for his mother’s death. He also wants to prove to his father that he isn’t a weakling, and want to become more like Hassan. Hassan is Amir’s best friend during his childhood and he is also his servant. Hassan is known for his loyalty and strong attachment to Amir. Later in the story, it’s revealed that Hassan is Amir’s brother. This means that Amir’s father had an affair with Ali’s wife, and that Hassan is actually his son. Hassan was also known for begin the best kite runner in Kabul. Baba is a wealthy and respected man, but becomes poor after he flees to America. His relationship with Amir is very turbulent, and he wants Amir to become like Hassan, strong and brave. Ali is Hassan’s father and Baba’s best friend. He is a Hazara, but he got the same characteristics as his son. Ali grew up together with Baba, just as Hassan and Amir did. He got a handicap as well; even though it doesn’t stop him from begin a loyal servant. Rahim Khan is Baba’s closest friend and one of the few people who know that Hassan is Amir’s brother. He is the one that calls Amir to go back to Afghanistan. Assef is a bully and is responsible for the rape of Hassan. This guy is also a fan of Hitler, which clearly makes him a sociopath. When he becomes an adult, he also joins the Taliban. He also has hatred towards the Hazara people, and likes to discriminate them. Soraya is Amir’s wife and has troublesome past. She also takes care of Baba, when he is sick and adopts Shorab without doubts. Sohrab is Hassan’s son. He also plays a major part in the book. Assef enslaves him after he is taken from the orphanage. Since Amir is the main character in the book, he also develops most of all the characters. We notice first that he slowly turns against Hassan, his anger and jealousy grows in one direction, even though Hassan doesn’t do anything wrong. The rape of Hassan is really an event that further separates their relationship. Since there is so much drama in this book, it doesn’t end yet. When the Soviet invades Afghanistan, Amir’s family flees to another country, unaware that they lose most of their wealth. For the first time they get a taste of how it is to be poor. Later in the book Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan and returns to Afghanistan. He finds out about Hassan’s son Sohrab, and is determined to bring him back home to America. Before he could save Sohrab, he had to face Assef. Getting beaten by Assef and saving Sohrab could be seen as a final way to redeem himself. This also made his guilt disappear. Themes and tones In this story, there are a lot of different themes we could discuss like example: bullying, friendship, guilt, betrayal, kite, honor, redemption, father and son relationship, man’s inhumanity to man, discrimination and loyalty. There is a lot of ethnic discrimination in Afghanistan and especially the conflict between the Pashtuns and the Hazara. The relationship between Pashtuns and Hazaras has never been stable; because Pashtuns are mostly Sunni Muslims and the Hazara are Shia Muslim. The Hazara has been discriminated mostly because of their faith, language and facial appearance. In the book Ali is loyal to Baba, because Baba’s father adopted Ali after his parents died. Since then Baba has always followed his father’s example and always been kind to the Hazara people. Guilt is also another theme that is brought up. After the rape of Hassan, Amir cannot bear to be around Hassan, because it reminds him of that day. He even lies to Ali, and says that nothing happened. The problem with Hassan is that he takes the blame for everything and he doesn’t want to hurt Amir. Even when Amir tells Hassan to hit him with the pomegranate, he refuses. When Hassan smashes the pomegranate on his own forehead, Amir’s guilt becomes even worse. In the end Amir makes Hassan and his father leave, and Hassan still considers Amir his best friend. The story is written in a way that it still affects you after your done reading. Even though it’s a dark story with a lot of hopelessness for the people in Afghanistan, there still is some hope and happiness. Honor is expressed in many different ways, but the quote â€Å"for you, a thousand times over† is a great example of how they express theirself. Conclusion The kite is a theme in the book that represents freedom, even though you’re not in fully in control of the kite’s fate. I think the theme describes the fate of Amir and how he develops throughout the book To me the story as said earlier is a historical novel, and not a fictional novel. This is because it’s based on a true story and experiences Hosseini had when he was growing up in Kabul. I as writer of this analysis is a Hazara, and I know what kind of suffering the Hazara people have went through. Sometimes I think that Hosseini might be Amir, but they sure do have some similarities. Links: * http://www. usatoday. com/life/books/news/2005-04-18-kite-runner_x. htm * http://www. gradesaver. com/the-kite-runner/study-guide/ * http://www. wikisummaries. org/The_Kite_Runner * http://polsci167. blogspot. com/2011/09/kite-runner-redemption-within-tentative. html.