Health information research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health selective information research project - Essay ExampleThe policy is that this information needs to be conveyed to the patient before the physician releases the medical exam information to the authorities maintaining the computer databases. This is because the patients informed permission needs to be obtained for treatment (Wilson 2009). For obtaining this, the patient has the right to get the complete information about where their records are being stored. Further, they have the right to know the persons and organizations that have access to their computerized medical databases (OCaroll et al ed 2003).3. The AMAs policy is that the procedures for eradicating the computerized database of inaccurate data need to be established (www.ama-assn.org).This information of purging of inaccurate data needs to be notified to the patient before the purging of data and after the completion of purging. This policy has been adopted to give the patient a chance to get a printed re-create of the computerized information before it is lost completely .Further they have the right to know that their records have been eradicated forever from the computer.4. The AMAS policy on confidentiality of computers is that the computerized database should be online to the computer term only when authorized computer programs that require the computerized data are being used (www.ama-assn.org). External individuals and organizations should not be provided online access to this data. Security measures like word protection, encoding of information etc are required to control unauthorized access to the medical data according to AMAs policy. This is to prevent the unauthorized access by any external agent to a patients confidential medical data. The legal basis for this is the right of privacy derived from constitution (Wilson, 2009).5. According to AMAs policy, when a computer service bureau erases medical data, the bureau needs to verify in writing to the

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl - Essay ExampleYet, the polemist of the novel often distorts our perception of the heroine, driving the focuses from the multidimensional nature of a really existing human being to her reactions to the conditions of her slave life. It is preferable to analyze Harriet Jacobs (Linda brant goose) personality with the help of psychology.Lindas childhood was happy and serene till she was six. Born in a family of beautiful and intelligent mulattoes, she was so fondly screen that she never dreamed she was a piece of merchandise, trusted to them for safe keeping, and liable to be demanded of them at any moment (11-12). The death of her mother was the first blow. then(prenominal) she learnt she was a slave. Yet, Linda did not realize the entire sense of the word for the following six years. She was taken to the house of her mistress, the foster sister of her mother, who treated the girl swell and taught her to read and write, though it was forbidden b y law. Though the mistress tried to replace the girls dead mother, she did not keep her promise to conk freedom to the girl and her brother. This was a bitter truth poisoning the girls perception of the mistress. I would give much to blot out from my remembrance that one great wrong. As a child, I loved my mistress and, looking back on the happy days I spent with her, I try to think with less bitterness of this act of injustice. While I was with her, she taught me to read and spell and for this privilege, which so rarely falls to the lot of a slave, I bless her memory (16). These lines convey the inner conflict, which Linda continued experiencing even as a grown-up. On the one hand, she understood that that her mistress behaved like most of whites, that she, Linda, was whole a kind of a doll for the woman, who played with her without really caring of her. On the other hand, the mistress was Lindas substitution of the dead mother, and Linda strove for happy recollections of her ch ildhood,

Northern Ireland History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Yankee Ireland History - Essay ExampleThis is what will be dissertated in the following.When discussing the taradiddle of Ireland, the peace process is gener tout ensembley considered to cover those events which lead up to the 1994 IRA ceasefire, the end of most of the violence of The Troubles, the Belfast (or Good Friday) organisation, and subsequent political developments. The history of Ireland in regards to the peace process as well as the ongoing battle and strenuous struggle for peace in the modern world is hotshot of great detail and significant complexity.The Good Friday Agreement was reached in Belfast on Friday, April 10, 1998 it was signed by the British and Irish ( res publica of Ireland) presidential terms and endorsed by most Yankee Ireland political parties. The agreement said that Northern Ireland should re master(prenominal) within the UK so long as that was the wish of the people living there but that the British and Irish governments would give effect to arra ngements for a united Ireland if that should become the wish of the people of the province. The basic ideal of the plan is that it sets out a plan for devolved government in Northern Ireland on a stable and significantly exclusive basis, while also providing for the creation of Human Rights and Equality commissions. Such things as the early(a) release of terrorist prisoners, the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons and other far reaching reforms of criminal justice and policing are also included in this agreement. The main provisions of the Good Friday Agreement are as followsThe principle that the constitutional future of Northern Ireland should be determined by the majority vote of its citizensA commitment by all parties to exclusively peaceful and democratic meansThe establishment of a Northern Ireland Assembly with devolved legislative powersCreation of a power sharing Northern Ireland Executive, using the DHondt method to allocate Ministries proportionally to the main parti esCreation of a North-South Ministerial Council and North-South Implementation Bodies to bring about cross-border cooperation in policy and programmes on a number of issuesEstablishment of a British-Irish Council, composed of representatives from the governments of the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom, Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man, to discuss areas of common concernConditional early release within two years of paramilitary prisoners be to organizations observing a ceasefireEstablishment of the Northern Ireland Human Rights CommissionA two year target for decommissioning of paramilitary weaponsThe abolition of the Republics territorial claim to Northern Ireland via the modification Articles 2 and 3 of its constitutionNew legislation for Northern Ireland on policing, human rights and equalityNormalization of security measures, e.g. closure of redundant multitude basesPolice reform. Undertaken by the Patten Commission (1998-1999)E quality of social, economic and cultural rights of all ethnic communities e.g. official recognition of the Irish and Ulster-Scots languages as equal to incline (Wikipedia, 2006).The executive of a new regional government, which should have been installed in April of 1999 under the terms of the Good Friday agreement, is instead held in a state of frozen animation. Pro-British unionist refused to sit in government with Sinn Fein, an Irish

Teaching in Content Area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching in Content Area - Essay ExampleIt is thought however that with the use of applicable techniques and beguile tools suited for a middle school student, teaching history to a student could be interesting.A student who is in middle school has comfortably short attention span and is not used to rigorous academic lectures. Coming from primary school, their minds are still with the basics and are not still that familiar with abstract larn such as history.In addition to this consideration, it has to be factored in also that students today are more attuned to multi-media instructional materials where they sens interact with the medium compared to the traditional lectures where they sit and lesson and read history. Such, traditional approach may be boring to a middle school student of this generation.Considering this, instructional videos will be used instead of lengthy lectures to keep the students interest. Computers can also an excellent method of learning where the students c an interact with the medium in the process of learning. Role playing can also be an excellent method of making history interesting to students. Also, discussion is encouraged more than lectures. incorporate social studies learning is an interdisciplinary approach where two or more disciplines are taught in conscious relation to one another (Jacobs, 1989 pg. 7) under an interdisciplinary curriculum that espouses a knowledge view and curriculum approach that consciously applies methodology and language from more than one discipline to examine a telephone exchange theme, issue, problem, topic, or experience (p. 8). Integrated approach to learning intends to facilitate more learning by combining the various disciplines to real life situations. This type of learning transcends to a more interconnected view of the universe where knowledge is seen as an abstract whole to be accessed through inquiry of themes, issues, experiences, and problems (Mathison and Freeman, 1997). This approach to

Huckleberry Finn vs. Tom Sawyer Essay Example for Free

Huckleberry Finn vs. tom turkey Sawyer EssayHuckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are precise different characters. I think that is what made them such great friends. Tom is always out to have a good time and doesnt guardianship who he hurts to do it. Huck always follows Toms lead even though sometimes he shouldnt. Huck Finn grew up in a very rough environment. His father was a drunk who would disappear for months on random occasions. Huck is typically dirty and propertyless. Eventually he goes to live with widow woman Douglas who continually tries to reform Huck, but he resists and keeps his own ways. He said The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how black regular and decent the widow was in all her ways and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out.I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied.(2) Huck is also a follower mostly of his good fr iend Tom. But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back. (2) This is really the first time Huck has been educated and is taught about religion. Huck grew up in a much tougher environment then his cockeyed friend Tom, but he still has a good heart and was an easy going guy. He says We said there wasnt no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft dont. You feel right free and easy and comfortable on a raft. (42)Tom is Hucks best friend. They are about the same age but grew up in completely different situation. Tom grew up in white middle class family in a nice comfortable environment. Tom is clear the leader of the two because Huck is always following his lead. Huck says Tom told me what his plan was, and I see in a minute it was worth cardinal of mine for style, and would make Jim just as free a man as mine would, an d maybe get us all killed besides. So I was satisfied, and said we would waltz in on it. (66) Also Huck says Tom Sawyer wouldnt back out so I wont. another(prenominal) thing that is different is Tom is willing to keep a clandestine that hurts a lot of people.He knows Mrs. Watson has died, but keeps it a secret for his own enjoyment. He could have told and Jim would have been free, but all he cared about was his plan to escape and how fun it was going to be. Youcan clearly see the differences between Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. There are many examples in the book that show that. Tom is the leader and Huck is the follower. The biggest difference is the morals of the two. Tom kept a secret that hurt people and all Huck wanted to do was free Jim. After everything said Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are best friends. They get on so well and will be friends for life.

Functional Areas of Business Management Essay Example for Free

Functional Areas of Business Management EssayAbstractA summary of the gross sales and marting operative areas of an organizations structure as an examination of the overall determination and responsibility of the managers of each area. The sales managers primary goal is the development, death penalty and evaluation of the strategic goals they desire to achieve with the sale organization to be able to meet the companys overall goals. The marketing manager is credi devilrthy for indentifying of the market space with respect to the knob, clients needs and the ability of the merchandise to meet the customers needs. Marketing managers are besides slender for toping and evaluating the results of a SWOT analysis for the company. This information is lively to the development of corporate goals of the organization.Functional Areas of Business Management at that place are a number of operating(a) groups that make up an organizations structure. Each of these vocation areas or in ternal organizations within the company provides a vital function or role to the overall success of the business. Some of these functional groups include finance, human resources, marketing, operations, sales, customer service, research and development to list a few standard functional business groups. The two functional areas of business that will be reviewed and explored with respect to the mangers roles and associated responsibilities are the sales and marketing functional areas or organizations of a company.There is a strong correlation to these functions within a business organization. Many organizations may separate these two functional groups and others may closely integrate these to tell the overall goals are achieved through the cross functional moveion of these resources. Sales management can be most easily defined as planning, implementing, and unequivocal personal contact programs designed to achieve the sales and fit objectives of the firm (Gale, 2006,). As a sales manager the responsibility is instilled upon this person to be the attractor of the sale group. As the leader you are responsible for the strategic planning and the overall process of situatedting the desired goals of the sales organization and it is a vital function of the sales manager.Goal setting is usually based on a companys overall sales objectives or targets (Gale, 2007). These goals may be cascaded down from of age(p) management in a large organization or be developed through the overall profit and growth that the company is trying to achieve. As the manager of the sales organization it will be important to examine the past history of the results you are selling as an initial assessment of the old success. Once you have reviewed the revenue results you can compare these to the state of the economy and determine if these results were typical of the results that other competitor companies achieved in a similar market under these conditions. Also the manager will have to examine the resources that are available and determine if these resources are similar to that of the resulting period being evaluated.The ability of the sales manager to set goals is strongly related to the desires to change past performanceby lifting all sales, high-margin sales, creating sales for new products, and so forth (Gale, 2007). Implementing the strategic plans are the next detect functions of the sales manager. Depending upon the overall size of the company, size of the territory to cover and the market to cover the sales department may be subdivided into regions. These regions would then have regional managers responsible for each region all working to achieve the overall sales goals and objectives developed within the organization. In developing the plans for implementing, the sales manager may have to answer questions such as how should a sales force be structured? How large a sales force is needed (Gale, 2006) etc.The sales manager will induce strategies to be abl e to achieve the goals. The plans developed for implementation may also include such things as if procreation is required and if so then what training is required. They will also be concern with determining if there are requirements for new budgets or increases to old budgets to be able to implement the strategic plans and successfully execute the strategy. Marketing is the second functional area to be examined as a manager in the organisational structure. The overall function of the marketing department and the leaders of this organization can be viewed as the research group for determining the business needs of the client and indentifying the market place. (Moorman and Rust, 1999) Define the marketing managers as the liaison between the customer and the product.The marketing manager plays a vital role in catch the client, understanding the marketing place the client represents and how the product best fits the overall needs of this market place. Once the marketing manager and th e through the marketing team has identified the market space and the need for the product in it, they will then focus on creating a plan that best allows the company to successfully introduce or continue to succeed in selling the product in the identified market. The marketing manager will be responsible to set goals that will create a path for the identified product into the identified market and clients. The marketing manager will utilize the SWOT analysis to create the data that supports the need of a customer to buy and use a desired product.In the SWOT process the marketing manager will also typically identify if there is a market for a new product that the company may have interest in developing. This feedback will be relayed to the research and development organization to identify the economical impact of such a new design. This cost to develop the desired product will be evaluated against the potential revenue that can generate. With this information the company will typical ly decide if the investment will be made to develop the new product or if simply an old product can be modified to achieve the desired results to the client.Once a new product is developed or a current product is improved the marketing organization will determine the most beneficial way to introduce these changes to the desired client base. This regularity can vary from printed material in magazines, internet, client handouts or simply by the sale organization when directly dealing with the existing and new clients when they interact with them. There is significant correlation between the sale department and the marketing department in many industries today.Often it will be observed that the two roles of sales and marketing can be have to a product marketing manager with sole responsibilities to a single product or product line. When the two functions are combined the manager will be responsible for the growth and success of the product. This manager will also be required to condu ct the market research and develop the most successful path to market for the product. Whether the sales and marketing managers are reviewed individually or as a combined role they both play vital roles in the overall developing, implementing and evaluating of the companies goals.ReferencesMoorman, C., and Rust, R.T.(1999). The role of marketing, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 63, pp. 180-197 (special Issue) Sales Management. Encyclopedia of Management. Ed. Marilyn M. Helms. 5th ed. Detroit Gale, 2006. 778-782. Sales Management. Encyclopedia of depressed Business. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale, 2007. 993-996

New Industries in the Caribbean Essay Example for Free

New Industries in the Caribbean EssayCaribbean economies from their earliest periods of colonization were essentially agrarian based (during slavery). Economical activities included stemma distantming and depleted farming done by the peasants. There were also trading and commerce which included the establishment of shops, inns and taverns. Large plantations were worked by a slew of slaves with the premier crop universe Sugar Cane. When the colonizers outgrowth came to the double-u Indies they in the first place grew crops such as hot chocolate, cotton, ginger, banana and cocoa mainly for trade. However during the second fractional of the 18th century, these crops lost their comparative advantage to boodle. When sugar experienced its depression the planters relaxed their stronghold over control of the land and most estate workers false their assistance to the peasant sector and other industries. NEW INDUSTRIES By the beginning of the twentieth century, the peasant ry had begun to play a very important role in the diversification of the West Indian economies. The Royal Commissions before the Norman Commission, and the Norman Commissions had made recommendations for the development of the peasantry (Curtis p 32).Many of the export crops recommended by the Norman Commission were already being cultivated by the peasantry. For these crops to arrive at greater success, the peasantry would need capital for greater investment funds. But this capital was non forthcoming. This was due to the fact that they had limited capital, occupied small plots of land because they were charged a lot for these lands. Additionally the peasants cannot produce at subsistence level. The black peasantry in particularly faced a number of obstacles which included the change magnitude in land prices, eviction from lands, refusal to subdivide and sell lands and also heavy appraiseations.The planters most of the times sold large pieces of lands for lower cost to the white s in parity to the ex-slaves. sift, which had been cultivated earlier as a subsistence crop in Guyana began to assume importance as a cash crop in the late nineteenth century. The abandonment of sugar cultivation on some estates made more land available, as did the opening up of riverain crown lands in 1898 on what for some were manageable terms of purchase. By 1900 government interest was being channeled through the board of agriculture ith conducted experiments in different rice varieties and supplied seed to the growers. A more objective was to develop a uniform grain size to reduce wastage in the milling process and by 1908 this had been tangiblely achieved. All of this stimulated tho expansion so that, whereas in 1891 the land under rice amounted to only 4000 acres, there was a tenfold increase in the following two decades, and by 1917 for every ten acres planted in sugar, Guyana, eight acres were planted in rice.Expanding rice acreage was accompanied by the mushrooming o f small mils. In 1914 there were 86 of them in existence. They were hardly elaborate structures but they were linked to the large mercantile firms in the capital and they controlled growers in the villages through a organization of advances. Many of the millers, standardised many large rice growers were Indians who employed Indian moil, and the evidence suggests that ethnicity hardly guaranteed favourble treatment. In 1905 it was exporting to the Caribbean. Rice enjoyed considerable prosperity during the first war.In the inter-war period alternative sources of supply to the Caribbean market dried up and this provided the main basis for the steady expansion of the industry in Guyana. Guyana is by far the most important producer of rice in the Commonwealth Caribbean. There were about 20 thousand peasant farmers in 1952 by 1965 their numbers were believed to put up more than doubled, reaching 45 thousand. There were 222 rice mills in 1960 and 199 in 1970. All were privately owned, overleap two which were owned and operated by the Rice Development Company.Bananas were first introduced into Jamaica in 1516. However the first exports took place in 1869 after the depression of sugar. As the industry flourished American companies came in to handle the swop as the peasants supplied bananas to a US Boston banana trader Lorenzo Dow Baker. Boston Fruit Company posterior formed to trade in Bananas with Caribbean and Central America which later became the United Fruit Company UFCo. By 1890 the value of Banana exports exceeded that of sugar and rum, and it retained this position except for a few years until the Second area War.By 1937 Jamaica provided twice as many stems as any other region in the world. It thus became a plantation crop-corporations and large entrepreneurs. Banana in short became the principal exports from Jamaica, and Windward Island. Trading partners also changed-Destination was now USA. During the war the industry declined because the ships could not be spared to transport the product. By the beginning of the nineteenth century coffee was also an important crop in Jamaica (The Banana production was done mainly by the Middle phratry mulattoes).During the depression sugar farmers in Trinidad turned their attention to cocoa which was the first major export of the island, and by 1900 it had become the major export once again. It retained this position until 1921 when Ghanaian cocoa began to souse the world market. During that time too cocoa was also an important crop in St. Lucia, St. Kitts and St. Vincent. In the 1930s citrus, which had been cultivated in the stricken cocoa areas became important. So too did Pineapples in the 19th century. Relatively small scale farmers earned cash for production of bananas, coffee, cocoa and pimento for exports.They also produced tubers, fruits and vegetables for home(prenominal) markets. A substantial part of small farming was for subsistence with relatively small surpluses for sale. Bauxi te, tourism and urban-based manufacturing and services replaced export agriculture as the dominant sectors of the economy in the post-war era, as the British West Indies pursued a programme of industrialization-by-invitation The mineral resources which include bauxite, aluminum, gold et cetera have been developed by foreign capital and for the export market, to a much greater extent than the main agricultural products.In Guyana the American-owned Bauxite industry shipped its first load of ore in 1922. Expansion was steady throughout the inter-war period but it was not until the second war that bauxite became an important force in the economy. The Jamaican bauxite industry was developed by American companies after the second war. Demand for aluminum by the United States military and space programmes and by the automobile and other consumer goods industries created a lucrative market for bauxite and aluminum. As of such in 1957 Jamaica became the worlds star bauxite producer and the main U. S. supplier.The U. S. dollar earnings from this new export financed the import of capital goods manufacturing industries that were set up to produce for the growing domestic and regional markets. The investment cycle of the multinational bauxite mining companies began topping offs as the decade of the 1960s drew to a close. Bauxite and aluminum thus replaced sugar and bananas as the leading export product after the Second World War. In 1964 Jamaican bauxite industry had over 800 registered manufacturing establishments including a cement factory, cigarette factories, breweries and bottling plants, extiles, clothing factories and plant producing soap, margarine and comestible oil. In February 1967 an agreement was announced between the Jamaican government and an American metal-fabrication company to erect an aluminum plant in Jamaica. The petroleum industry in Trinidad and Tobago is the oldest mineral industry in the common-wealth Caribbean. The first successful well dates bac k to 1857 but it was not until the first decade of this century that the industry was established. By 1909 the country was exporting oil and by 1919 five refineries were in operation.The industry is largely owned and controlled by foreigners. The production of crude oil is mainly in the hand of four companies-Texaco, Shell, Trinidad Northern Area owned by Trinidad Tesoro, Shell and Texaco as equal partners. However by 1980 the government had purchased all foreign operations except Amoco. The tourist industry was developed after the Second World War, and this two is foreign owned and controlled. This industry is an offshoot of the banana and bauxite industry especially in Jamaica.The establishment and development of the tourist industry were facilitated by incentive legislation and special institutions. Jamaica passed the Hotels Aid Law, 1944, granting accelerated depreciation allowances and duty-free importation of materials for the construction and furnishing of hotels, and the H otel Incentives Law, 1968, granting tax holidays and other concessions. The Hotel Aids Act passed in Barbados in 1967 allows duty free importation of building materials and equipment and grants a tax holiday of ten years.And all common chord territories set up Tourists Boards to promote and service the industry. As in the other generating sectors of the economies, there is a large proportion of foreign ownership in the tourist industry. In 1971 thirty-five per cent of the hotels in Jamaica were wholly foreign owned, 56 per cent wholly locally owned and 9 per cent joint ventures. contradictory ownership was more pronounced in Barbados. Foreigners owned 61 per cent of the capacity there 33 per cent was owned by nationals of the United Kingdom. 16 per cent by Canadians and 12 per cent by Americans.Barbadians owned 34 per cent, and 5 per cent was jointly owned. Local ownership was dominant (80 per cent) among the smaller establishments which provided 25 per cent of the total capacity. Trade and commerce was also taking place in many places in the British West Indies as well. According to Beckles and sheepman (1993) export trade in the British Islands showed in a number of the units spectacular increases to the peak of prosperity between 1929 and 1940. British Guiana traded with Europe and North America, commodities such as sugar cane, coffee and fruits.Trinidad exported petroleum products such as oil to places such as North America and the United Kingdom. Jamaica too traded tropical fruits, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa and other commodities with Europe and North America. In the late mid-fifties, Jamaica became the wide-ranginggest supplier of bauxite to the United States. RACE The Indians are concentrated mainly on the sugar estates epoch the Africans are concentrated in the villages and the towns. The Africans have always been more mobile geographically and socially and the chief supporters of the urbanization movement.They provide the overwhelming majority of the labour force in the bauxite industry and mining camps in the interior of Guyana, and the petroleum industry in Trinidad, and the bulk of the factory and service workers in both countries. Until the 1950s they occupied a somewhat monopolistic position in the white-collar and master positions. The Indians supply the bulk of the field sugar workers and also the rice producers in Guyana. -Europeans owned most of the wealth-producing assets in the colonial economy.The indigenous Ihere, imported labour populations were allowed to engage in small-scale peasant farming on the fringes of large white-owned plantations but mainly relegated to providing cheap labour for the white settlers in the expanding corporate economy. Where this posed problems, intercessor racial groups (Chinese, Indians, etc. ) were brought in to fill the gaps in labour supply. As export staples increased the wealth base of the colonial economy and as some diversification into minerals, tourism and manufacturing i ncreased that wealth base further, commerce and services expanded.This undefendable up opportunities for small-scale capital and smaller entrepreneurial firms to operate alongside the large white-controlled corporations. (Thompson p 244). In Jamaica, this intermediate minority group comprised immigrant white ethnics like the Lebanese and Jews (who joined a much older community of Jamaican Jews dating back to the period of colonization and settlement) and the Chinese, whose upper and middle echelons, occupying a shopkeeper niche, secured for the group the real and/or symbolic function of social whites.A racially mixed brown middle class also formed a component of this minority, intermediary ethnic group. The traditional white planter class was displaced both by foreign corporate capital, whose interests were concentrated on sugar, and later bauxite and tourism, and the intermediary ethnic groups with whom they eventually merged. The latter groups formed a domestic merchant and manuf acturing sector alongside the transnational enclaves. A black rural middle class emerged on the basis of medium-sized holdings concentrating on export crops such as bananas, pimento, coffee and citrus.They comprised a tiny minority of the rural population, however, most of whom occupied a get down between full-time peasants and full-time proletarians. The race related dualism of Caribbean economy was classically exhibited in the division between the (TNC or Jamaica-white-owned) plantation and (black) peasant economies of rural Jamaica. In 1938, this division was reflected in a tenure system which concentrated over fifty per cent of agricultural land into some 800 holdings and left nearly 100,000 suffering peasants and their families with twelve per cent of the land* (Post, 1981 2-3).In addition, the black peasant economy was itself internally stratified, partly along the lines of the division between export production and domestic food crop production, which was itself related to size of holding. In addition, there were roughly 80,000 households at the lower margins of the peasantry with an average of a quarter of an acre each. .A significant bureaucratic and professional black middle class emerged, but Blacks failed to challenge the entrenched economic positions of the intermediary-ethnic elites.In the meantime, economic frustration and disfranchisement led large numbers of peasant and workings class Blacks to participate in a massive outward migration to Britain and a large-scale exodus from rural to urban areas, which translated rural poverty into urban ghettoes and urban poverty (ibid. 252). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, many ethnic elites from the BWI began migrating abroad. This created unanticipated and unexpected new openings for black entry into the entrepreneurial class and facilitated large-scale entry of Blacks into the middle and upper levels of private sector management (ibid 254).Blacks became well established within the corporate manag erial elite and gained a foothold in many sectors of the economy manufacturing, construction, business services, tourism, commerce and agriculture alongside the still dominant minority ethnic groups. Their enterprises tended to be smaller, but a few were large. separate developments were the growth of import-trade higglering, which represented an expansion and in some cases a very lucrative enhancement of a traditional female working class role. The big corporate sector enterprises in insurance, banking, distribution, manufacturing, hotels and services remained under the predominant ownership of the economically dominant minority Jews, Whites, Lebanese and Browns. Indeed, migration of some of the less important families appears to have facilitated a consolidation and expansion of corporate ownership among the biggest capitalist families.